. Lead a discussion of the speech as an argument with regard to purpose and intent. Moreover, usually the we is more associated with the government, the president, or the prime minister (Pennebaker, 2011). An antanagoge uses a negative and positive statement in one. 1 0 obj We will use rhetorical analysis to examine how presidential candidates and political commentators attempt to achieve their purposes in speeches, websites, and articles. But he also threatens violence more than any of his predecessors have. As shown in Table 1, Paul and OMalley correspond to the smallest values, both being present for a relatively short period of time during this electoral campaign. President Abraham Lincoln, in his inaugural address, addresses the topic of the civil war and its effects on the nation and argues that America could be unified once more. These examples indicate clearly that the style is changing over time. From these analyses, one can observe, for example, that governmental institutions tend to smooth out the differences between political parties when exercising command. For the modern American president, the ability to be an effective public speaker can make all the difference in terms of the perception of the intelligence of any given commander-in-chief of the most powerful nation on earth. In 1929, Martin Luther King, Jr. was born on this day. Students employ a wide range of strategies as they write and use different writing process elements appropriately to communicate with different audiences for a variety of purposes. 4 0 obj Beside time frame, exceptional events (e.g. Be sure that your students are familiar with rhetorical strategies, literary devices, SOAPS, tone, diction, etc. As an interesting first case, one can analyze the most characteristic sentence from Kasichs comments, which is the following: I have balanced budgets, the federal budget, the state of Ohio budget, we're running a 2 billion dollar surplus, were up 400,000 jobs, and in Washington we were able to have significant job growth whenever we balanced the budget of which I was the architect. (J. Kasich, 6 February 2016). They gather, evaluate, and synthesize data from a variety of sources (e.g., print and nonprint texts, artifacts, people) to communicate their discoveries in ways that suit their purpose and audience. Remind students that the writer of the speech is sometimes not the person who delivered the speech, for example, and this will surprise some students. And Donald Trump has wielded language like a cudgel. Also grounded on several dictionaries (or categories), Young and Soroka (2012) describe how one can detect and measure sentiments appearing in political texts. The questions that you can use to examine a text's rhetorical situation are in Chapter 6.2. COMM 1020 classes include a Great Speeches assignment, where you need to find and analyze an influential speech from history. As a first indicator, one can consider the mean sentence length (MSL) reflecting a syntactical choice. Such a sentence can be defined as the one having the largest number of over-used terms. The method of analysis was to locate expressions where linguistic choices seem to have been made in order to convey certain views. Therefore, making his speech very influential to Obama getting his point across. For this paper a rhetorical analysis of Obama's addresses was performed using a form of genre criticism. The previous section focusses mainly on stylistic features, both at the lexical and syntactical level. Note. Several factors influencing the style are therefore fixed. Jacques Savoy, Analysis of the style and the rhetoric of the 2016 US presidential primaries, Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, Volume 33, Issue 1, April 2018, Pages 143159, https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqx007. "Rhetorical force is achieved by the strategy of combining reiteration with contrast . Analysis and History of Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address - Study.com Rhetorical Analysis Of Back To School - 1034 Words | Bartleby For the Republican candidates (Jeb Bush, Ted Cruz, John Kasich, Rand Paul, Marco Rubio, and Donald Trump), twelve TV debates were organized, from the 1st one held on 6 August 2015 with ten candidates, to the last one organized on 10 March 2016 with four candidates. Which phrases from the excerpt include loaded words intended to evoke a sense of fear? From a lexical perspective, one can see the over-used term budget, usually more frequently used in governmental speeches than in the electoral ones. From overall stylistic measurements shown in Table 3, Ted Cruz appears with higher values than the mean. Mandela's written speech is eloquently written, in flowing sentences with dramatic and convincing language. Take the students to the library and allow them to research their speeches. Walker (R)) while others have been ignored because they have played a minor role during the electoral campaign (e.g. A more general overview of using different computer-based strategy to detect and extract topical information from political texts can be found in (Grimmer and Stewart, 2013). To answer these questions, the current study will focus on the US primaries TV debates. You will first choose the speech you will analyze for the final speech. Martnez and Gonzlez's (Citation 2012) study utilized Systemic Functional Linguistic meaning-making tools in analyzing U.S. presidential campaign speeches. %PDF-1.7 On the other hand, OMalley shows the smallest Q-index value indicating more a text oriented toward description. Traditionally, teachers have encouraged students to engage with and interpret literaturenovels, poems, short stories, and plays. What our Words Say about us, The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Comparative evaluation of term selection functions for authorship attribution, Vocabulary growth study: an example with the, Recent Contributions to Quantitative Linguistics, Winning words: individual differences in linguistic style among U.S. Presidential and Vice Presidential candidates, A survey of modern authorship attribution methods, Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, Twitter language use to reflects psychological differences between democrats and republicans, The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods, Journal of Language and Social Psychology, What to put in the bag? <> Usually Senators (e.g. Rhetorical Analysis: Compare and Contrast Four Speeches on Civil Rights The Eloquent Woman: contains famous and not-so-famous speeches by women on all sorts of issues as well as . One possible approach is to extract a reduced set of specific sentences from each candidate. 1 is present in the elaboration of Fig. Finally, the terms and sentences specific to each candidate will be computed and some examples will be given. In this figure, the longest distance (0.510) connects Paul and OMalley, and the second longest distance (0.496) links Trump to OMalley. Using the State of the Union addresses given by the Founding Fathers, this average value is 39.6 (with Madison depicting the highest MSL with 44.8 tokens/sentence). With a positive Z score larger than a fixed threshold (e.g. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech in 1963. (2003) describe a methodology to extract political positions from texts. hierarchical clustering built on the complete link) to visualize the different groups of candidates according to their stylistic profiles. All rights reserved. Presidential Communication to Children: An Analysis of Persuasive Such a selection strategy produces a low recall because many tweets about Obamas administration are not considered). endobj Students study Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech and work in groups to create a mural that depicts Dr. King's vision of peace. endobj <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 25 0 R 26 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> the United States of America. Note. Rhetorical strategies are the mechanisms used during communication that encourage action or persuade others. Read the excerpt from Ronald Reagan's "Tear Down This Wall" speech. One can complement this study by considering the terms ignored or used very infrequently in this primary election. In Table 5, the second row indicates the PTC values for all candidates, showing clearly that Sanders presents the highest PTC value (12.12%) while OMalley exposes the smallest (4.26%). Such differences tend to be correlated with psychological factors. For a given term ti, its absolute frequency in P0 is given by tfi0, and in P1 by tfi1. In this study, P0 corresponds to all comments by a given candidate, while P1 denotes all other comments and remarks. The total number of lemmas in part P0 (or its length) is denoted n0, similarly with P1 and n1, and the length of the entire corpus is defined by n = n0 + n1. For example, "each one of us is as intimately attached to the soil of this beautiful country as are the famous jacaranda . A presidential electoral process can be positioned around one person or around a few issues (or programs). 3. Skills: In completing this assignment, you will practice the following skills that are essential to your success at MCC and your professional life beyond school. But I watch you a lot. Barnum, trying to, you know, redirect our attention and yet keep our attention all of the time. When considering the most frequent lemmas, the candidates can be split into two groups, one using more frequently the pronoun I, and the second favoring more the we (which corresponds to candidates leaving the presidential run sooner). Help students find the history behind the speech without getting too bogged down in the details. Hillary appears more feminine than the other candidates, using more I than we, and showing a higher frequency in the category Human interest (e.g. (They might be surprised at the answer. By working with primary sources from the online collections of the Library of Congress, students can explore the people and events that shaped these speeches. specifically the only three presidential speeches that have been designed for children. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. One can count nine word tokens (or simply tokens) and six word types (or types). Students explore the ways that powerful and passionate words communicate the concepts of freedom, justice, discrimination, and the American Dream in Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech. The public perceived J. Kerry as a kind of depressed person, serious, somber, and cold, adopting more frequently negative emotion expressions (e.g. This strategy guide clarifies the difference between persuasion and argumentation, stressing the connection between close reading of text to gather evidence and formation of a strong argumentative claim about text. The authors scrutinized the role of the audience in Bush's and Obama's victory speeches. Based on this perspective, the longest distance (0.251) connects Trump and OMalley, and the second longest (0.181) links Paul to OMalley. Presidential Studies Quarterly Set up students inheterogeneousgroups of four. Rhetoric is a useful strategy to utilize in speech making. These personality measurements were in agreement with different opinion polls. endobj Moreover, Trump is using pronouns lessexcept Ithan the others. 3 0 obj 3 0 obj (2015) have proposed an h-point to measure the thematic concentration of a text. Reagan Challenger Speech Teaching Resources | TPT For Clinton, the term affordable must be related to the Affordable Care Act (or health insurance reform). Thus, which keywords or expressions can well describe each candidate and can be used to denote his/her difference? Former President Clintons I Have Sinned Speech. of Illinois and Democratic presidential candidate in 1952 and 1956. From data depicted in Table 3, one can see that the TTR value reaches a minimum of 29.7 (Trump) to a maximum of 37.9 (OMalley). % Thank you. SVM and nave Bayes) can be trained to classify congressional speeches according to political parties. %PDF-1.5 Rhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedy's Inauguration Speech 929 Words | 4 Pages Our core businesses produce scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly journals, reference works, books, database services, and advertising; professional books, subscription products, certification and training services and online applications; and education content and services including integrated online teaching and learning resources for undergraduate and graduate students and lifelong learners. What would you put at the top of the list? To reflect the style, one can consider the k top most frequent lemmas from our electoral corpus. Please complete the Lesson 11 assignment in a single Word document These language devices can be used across written and spoken mediums to manage the listener's views. 4 0 obj How President Trump's Rhetoric Has Affected U.S. Politics O "The people of the United States have already formed their opinions and well understand the implications to the very life and safety of our Nation.". So when you have a president using . O to highlight differences between opposing sides. Analysis, Pages 4 (864 words) Views. B) A person is attacked rather than an argument. It includes:- a copy of President Ronald Reagan's "Challenger" speech with numbered paragraphs- a graphic organizer that asks students to identify SOAPSTone and Ethos, Pathos, and Logos elements (along with the scaffolding of paragraph numbers to return to)- a key to the graphic organizer- an open ended question prompt for formative or summative From George Washington to George W. Bush, Delta: a measure of stylistic difference and a guide to likely authorship, Testing the thematic concentration of text, Cutting the Gordian Knot: the moving-average type-token ratio (MATTR), The use of function word frequencies as indicators of style, Quantitative authorship attribution: an evaluation of techniques, Text as data: the promise and pitfalls of automatic content analysis methods for political texts, Verbal Style and the Presidency. O Voting in the municipal election is a matter of life and death. Make sure your introduction includes a thesis sentence or purpose and previews the main points covered in the body. During the 2016 primaries, the average value per candidate reported in Table 3 (label MSL) confirms this tendency with a mean varying from 21.9 (OMalley) to 13.7 (Trump). This study found a positive correlation between the presidential approval polls and positive tweets containing the hashtag #obama. This assignment is a quick way to review thesis writing and give students repetitive practice and quickly analyzing nonfiction writing. head, ache, sleep). The following rhetorical strategies were analyzed: metaphors, metonymies, analogies, pronouns, the active or passive voice . Both are preferring to repeat their arguments instead of introducing other subjects. Yes, I do believe that now after the American people bailed Wall Street out, yes, they should pay a Wall Street speculation tax so that we can make public colleges and universities tuition-free. (B. Sanders, 11 February 2016), Why does the fossil fuel industry pay, spend huge amounts of money on campaign contributions? (B. Sanders, 11 February 2016), I do believe that in the year 2016 we have to look terms of public education as colleges as part of public education making public colleges and universities tuition free. (B. Sanders, 11 February 2016). What happens in an ad hominem persuasive technique? He argues about the values of hard work and taking responsibility for paving your own way to success, even though the obstacles seems difficult. Discuss the audience and the authors manipulation of the audience. Sur la variabilit de la frquence des formes dans un corpus, The Little Blue Book: The Essential Guide to Thinking and Talking Democratic, Extracting policy positions from political texts using words as data, Five trends in presidential rhetoric: an analysis of rhetoric from George Washington to Bill Clinton, Building a large annotated corpus of English: the Penn Treebank, Principes et Mthodes de Statistique Lexicale, Analysis of Phylogenetics and Evolution with R, The end of year addresses of the presidents of the Italian Republic (19482006): discourse similarities and differences, The Secret Life of Pronouns. Based on US presidential speeches, that study presents the rhetorical and stylistic differences between the US presidents from Truman to Reagan, while a more recent book (Hart et al., 2013) exposes the stylistic variations from G. W. Bush to Obama. They might not answer them, you know, as honestly as they could, but, you know, generally they would answer - give some kind of answer. Theres always a story behind the composition of the speech.). Table 4 confirms that Trump owns a style very distinct than the others. Teachers can choose to have students focus on one or more historical inaugurations and analyze the speeches by looking at the historical challenges facing the nation, topics discussed in the. Rhetorical Analysis Thesis Teaching Resources | TPT Photo by Rowland Scherman. Analyzing the Rhetoric of JFK's Inaugural Address | JFK Library For example, no selected candidate is discussing really the problem of the national debt. Anne Hutchinson was a prominent figure in the religious and political landscape of colonial America. Too often, however, the spoken word is left unanalyzed, even though the spoken word has the potential to alter our space just as much than the written. Types of Rhetorical Strategies. The class should discuss audience and the importance of identifying the audience for speeches, since they occur in particular moments in time and are delivered to specific audiences. One can also see that all values are relatively close to 19, except for Trump who is adopting an even more simple and direct communication style. Two types draw major attention: in augural addresses and "crisis" speeches. Presidents are also using very frequently the words government, world, and the adjectives free, great, or new. Heres one example from the past you could use: Continue the work from the previous session by distributing the, Tell students they will be getting additional practice with analyzing a speech as an argument by showing a short. (2010) to estimate the popularity of the Obama administration. A conclusion draws the main findings of this study. Can one measure the stylistic distance between the candidates in both parties? This phenomenon appears in other languages and countries when analyzing electoral speeches as, for example, in France (Labb and Monire, 2008b). He's also changed the way political leaders talk. appear regularly in the first two ranks. Rhetorical Analysis: Nelson Mandela's Inagural Speech The appeal to political sentiment: An analysis of Donald Trump's and Hillary Clinton's speech themes and discourse strategies in the 2016 US presidential election. To conclude briefly, previous studies have mainly analyzed governmental speeches, and less frequently the electoral speeches (Boller, 2004) or related messages (e.g. O It calls attention to the urgency of the message. So when you have a president using those rhetorical strategies sort of every day, you know, using it against the media, using it against members of his own party, using it against the political opposition, what it is essentially is a call to warfare. Rhetorical Analysis Of Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com, This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (, I would I had that corporal soundness: Pervez Rizvi's Analysis of the Word Adjacency Network Method of Authorship Attribution, Provenance visualization: Tracing people, processes, and practices through a data-driven approach to provenance, Proverbs as indicators of proficiency for art-generating AI, A new approach for the construction of historical databasesNoSQL Document-oriented databases: the example of AtlantoCracies, The Digital Reading Condition. The word debt appears in some utterances, but mainly in the context of the education debt for the Democrats. For some people, she was even a crook and a liar, or, at least, dishonest (Sainato, 2016). PDF Analyzing the Rhetoric of JFK's Inaugural Address 1. In other words, the text P0 contains significantly more occurrences of the corresponding term than expected by a uniform distribution over the whole corpus. To obtain an overall measure of the intensity of the action over the descriptive part of a text, Kubt and Cech (2016) suggest to compute the ratio between the proportion of verbs divided by the sum of the proportion of the verbs and adjectives. 8 25 Comparing and contrasting procedures for text clustering, Italian Journal of Applied Linguistics - Statistica Applicata, Affective news: the automated coding of sentiment in political texts, Classifying party affiliation from political speech, Journal of Information Technology & Politics, Language and gender in congressional speech, The Author 2017. Four global stylistic measurements according to TV debates. Presidential Studies Quarterly (PSQ) is the only scholarly journal that focuses on the most powerful political figure in the world the president of the United States. In your essay, you will identify strategies and analyze how the speaker uses them to represent his or her position. One can see the presence of expressions related to the dialogue between candidates (Senator Sanders by Clinton, Donald with Cruz, Jeb under Trump). In the following sentences, one can also see two topics, usually more related to the Democrats, namely education, and health care reform. In a few words, Trump is able to talk not about a single but a few topics. 25 Examples of Rhetorical Strategies in Famous Speeches Then, they can share some of their thinking about the argumentative structure and rhetorical devices used to make the speech effective. More than half the articles published by rhetorical critics during this period concern a single presidential speech. Listeners should keep in mind the context of the situation involving the delivery and the audience-but a keen observer should also pay close attention to the elements of argument within the text. Analyzing Famous Speeches as Arguments - National Council of - NCTE This computation technique has been adopted. 1986 Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress A better solution is to apply a clustering method (e.g. How to Write and Format a Speech Analysis Essay (With Example) Donald Trump's rhetoric has elicited comparisons to former Alabama governor George Wallace. Some places to look for speeches include: American Rhetoric: This has lists of famous speeches with full text and audio/visual for most. Trumps topics are relatively similar to those presented by Kasich and, with some distance, with those exposed by Paul. During an electoral campaign, the word tax is clearly more recurrent than budget to discuss financial issue, in part because the term tax is closer to citizens perception than the budget is. the relative frequency of different pronouns, positive emotions) and using a set of composite indices reflecting the cognitive complexity, presidentially, or honesty of each candidate. In this lesson plan, students consider the rhetorical devices in the address JFK delivered on January 20, 1961. 920. The following remarks illustrate these aspects. This estimator has the drawback of being instable, tending to decrease with text length (Baayen, 2008). In this first example, the fiscal question appears with a proposition for a simple flat tax and in the second, an attack against Trump, but a religious concern appears also in the background. endobj If time permits, discuss how politicians and speech writers employ rhetorical strategies to influence the opinions of their audience members. Article. Rhetorical Analysis Of Justice Speech - 1951 Words | Bartleby Reserve the library for Session Three so the students can do research on their speeches. In a similar vein, Yu (2008) demonstrates that machine learning methods (e.g. X European trade unionists Useful for a wide variety of reading and writing activities, this outlining tool allows students to organize up to five levels of information. Providing the most over-used terms is sometimes not enough to have a clear understanding of the candidates position on a given issue. Essay Rubric: This rubric is used as a guide for students as they are writing their essay, and for teachers to use as a grading tool. Pine Creek Company completed 200,000 units during the year at a cost of $3,000,000. More recently, the web-based communication channels have been studied, but in this perspective, those studies are using more often tweets and less frequently blogs, or audio and video media (e.g. Begin the lesson by asking students what needs to be present in order for a speech to occur. Using the maximum likelihood principle, this probability is estimated as p(ti) = (tfi0 + tfi1)/n. In this table, the personal pronouns are depicted in bold. Looking at her most specific sentences, Clinton tends to produce rather long sentences reflecting a more complex reasoning. When a question is discussed, the choice of the word can make the difference. The last example illustrates how Trump can push away his opponents to place himself in the center of the debate. Though the question may seem puzzlingtoo hard, or too simpleat first, students will eventually identify, as Aristotle did, the need for a speaker, a message, and an audience. On this icy day in Washington D. C, Barack Obama gave his inaugural speech after taking the oath of office. The rhetorical brilliance of Trump the demagogue - The Conversation His image was centered around his verbosity, egocentricity, and pomposity. Students conduct research on issues and interests by generating ideas and questions, and by posing problems. To avoid this problem, a better computation is provided in (Covington and McFall, 2010) or (Popescu, 2009), suggesting taking the moving average of TTR. The author wants to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions and remarks. This is indicated when Trump scrutinizes Obama as a leader by . This could include a speech from a United States president or other political figures, a leader of a movement such as Susan B. Anthony or Martin Luther King Jr., or a more modern speech like a . Alliteration: Two or more words in a row that start with the same sound. And during his four years in the White House, he has left a mark on American politics and policies.
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