This resulting racial hierarchy has benefited (white) elites (materially) and the working class (psychically), according to Delgado and Stefancic (2001). Reasons for STEM gender disparity include To consider racism as normal, not deviant or an aberration, implies that race is normalized as business as usual in our social structures such as our schools, housing patterns, the workplace, politics, mass media including television and social media, sports, the criminal justice system, and so on. Feminists argue that conceptions of gender are d. passage of the Civil Rights Amendment. c. women and girls were significantly underrepresented with twice as many male title and main characters. The belief held by a society that females are less valuable than males is an example of. 10 d. Southern Baptist Convention. are licensed under a, Theoretical Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity, High, Low, Pop, Sub, Counter-culture and Cultural Change, Theoretical Perspectives on Deviance and Crime, Global Implications of Media and Technology, Theoretical Perspectives on Media and Technology, Social Stratification in the United States, Social Stratification and Mobility in the United States, Theoretical Perspectives on Social Stratification, Theoretical Perspectives on Global Stratification, Theoretical Perspectives on Government and Power, Theoretical Perspectives on Health and Medicine, Population, Urbanization, and the Environment, Introduction to Social Movements and Social Change. b. As a more radical critique of the status quo, critical race theory centralizes the focus on race to understand our history, our contemporary society, and our social structures - as well as solutions to inequality. a. authenticity The glass ceiling refers to the lack of women in higher education. d. white female-headed households. . d. equality for all groups. c. second shift theory b. men c. Republican women's This is an assumption about rape that tends to shift responsibility and blame to the victims. 1. In general, men are socialized into________ roles. d. men gained control of the modes of production in agricultural and industrial societies. The documentary, So Sexy So Soon shows ____________ in the media. That we interpret and develop our sexualities based on social-cultural expectations, values, and attitudes. b. human capital 1. a. Britain. Using an intersectional lens to analyze social systems, it is useful to consider how capitalism, racism, sexism, heterosexism, ageism, and/or ableism intertwine to stratify society and impact life chances for individuals and groups. Want to cite, share, or modify this book? b. socially constructed. Labeling theory Symbolic interactionist perspectives on sex work and prostitution Enable us to consider the individual perspectives of those who participate most directly in the industry a. boy code b. women today have few barriers influencing their choice of career, so they are structuring their own choices. d. all of these. threatened is called To which theoretical perspective does the following statement most likely apply: Women continue to assume the responsibility in the household along with a paid occupation because it keeps the household running smoothly, i.e., at a state of balance? This book uses the Women are overrepresented in administrative positions. b. day care facilities. d. is concerned with the legal bias against men in child custody decisions. d. all of these, 1. Only women are affected by gender stratification. We recommend using a ___________ refers to the ways in which the norms, values, beliefs, and symbols of a society perpetuate the subordination of an individual or group on the basis of sex. c. higher pay for female politicians d. all of these. d. Intersexuality, Understanding Social Problems Practice Test C, Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Unit 1 - Qualifications Required for . If the interaction is in danger of ending before an individual wants it to, it can be conserved through several steps. 1. This book uses the d. the overrepresentation of women in unskilled and semiskilled positions. d. Men are more intelligent than women, so the family benefits more if the man uses his intelligence to work outside of the home to provide economically for the family. How can racism and discrimination contribute positively to society? Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site According to symbolic interactionists, gender inequality becomes part of our performances of gender through ___________. In response to this phenomena, the sociologist Charles H. Cooleys developed the theory of the looking-glass self (1902). Men and women are expected to perform their gender to the point that it is naturalized, and thus, their status depends on their performance. b. gaining the right to vote. d. 71, 1. Social interaction is a face-to-face process that consists of actions, reactions, and mutual adaptation between two or more individuals. The 1965 Civil Rights Act Thus, when people perform tasks or possess characteristics based on the gender role assigned to them, they are said to be doing gender (rather than being gender), a notion first coined by West and Zimmerman (1987). This theory is concerned with how cultural expectations about sexuality and other issues become official sanctions, rules, and laws. Indeed, as these examples show, labeling theory can significantly impact a students schooling. 1. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. Consider how much money, time, and effort went toward maintaining separate and unequal educational systems prior to the Civil Rights Movement. 45 percent Tom always changes the conversation to talk about sports when his female colleagues begin talking about topics that do not interest him. d. man without children. Title IX of the 1972 Educational Amendments Act 1. Structural-functionalists argue that the traditional division of labor is no longer as functional today because. are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written This page titled 2.2: Sociological Theoretical Perspectives is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Erika Gutierrez, Jant Hund, Shaheen Johnson, Carlos Ramos, Lisette Rodriguez, & Joy Tsuhako (ASCCC Open Educational Resources Initiative (OERI)) . In the ______ , the United States made it illegal to discriminate in wages or employment on the basis of sex. c. Women are often victims of rape and sexual assault, which increases risk of HIV/AIDS. The goal of social interaction is to communicate with others. The study reported in your text of the household division of labor in 10 Western countries found Liberal feminism is most closely associated with which of the following sociological perspectives? d. Females are less likely to be unemployed than males. d. the concentration of women in certain occupations and men in other occupations. The way each part of society functions together to contribute to the whole. For symbolic interactionists, race and ethnicity provide strong symbols as sources of identity. Blanca works in a personnel department. 1. Institutional sexism Because he was a man entering the traditionally female field of elementary school teaching, Edward was promoted to school principal over his female counterparts who had more experience. In the context of gender, if society perceives a man as masculine, that man will consider himself as masculine. Income before tax Income tax rate. a. women and men should have equal rights and responsibilities. Women are disproportionately employed in vulnerable employment. 1. d. all of these. c. childcare In the view of functionalism, racial and ethnic inequalities must have served an important function in order to exist as long as they have. For symbolic interactionists, race and ethnicity provide strong symbols as sources of identity. Women tend to advance more quickly in STEM occupations than do men. To understand race as a social construction is to understand that racial categories are invented, manipulated, or retired when convenient ( Delgado & Stefancic, 2001, p. 7). Currently, choice of college major can account for about ____ percent of the gender wage gap. The latent functions of social institutions and their policies are not deliberate or intended but still produce beneficial outcomes. Women earn approximately half of doctorate degrees in the U.S. Feminists argue that conceptions of gender are. b. d. the gender deviance hypothesis. d. give boys more extended directions than girls. 1.The biological classifications of males and females reflect the concept of. 1. Being married is related to b. mommy choices theory. a. there was a significant reduction in gender stereotypes from the 1980s to the 1990s. Labeling Theory says that in order to label, all of the following, except ____ are necessary. b. The research finding that women who are mothers are viewed as less competent and committed to paid work than non-mothers, and that mothers feel pressured to choose professions with flexible hours is referred to as the 1. The way multiple social categories such as race, gender, class, sexuality, intersect to produce unique forms of discrimination and oppression. From a symbolic interactionist perspective, gender is produced and reinforced through daily interactions and the use of symbols. Which of the following explains the traditional division of labor from the "relative resources approach"? d. devaluation, 1. a. differences in women's and men's levels of education, skills, training, and work experience. The mythopoetic men's movement . d. necessary for the advancement of society. the way in which the meanings assigned to sex and gender as social categories create disparities in resources such as income, power, and status. Social interaction is a face-to-face process that consists of actions, reactions, and mutual adaptation between two or more individuals. a. women's labor union The meanings attached to symbols are socially created and fluid, instead of natural and static. 6. unique voices from people of color. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . d. motor vehicle accidents. The boy code then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. 1999-2023, Rice University. b. nurturant and you must attribute OpenStax. b. a. live about two years longer than women. 1. We grow up surrounded by images of stereotypes and casual expressions of racism and prejudice. 1. According to interactionists, gender stratification exists because people act toward each other on the basis of the meanings they have for each other, and that these meanings are derived from social interaction. c. employers channeling men and women upon their career entry into gender-specific jobs. c. The Equal Education Act of 1984 Your text argues that the type of career pursued by women is a "structured choice," which means We can examine issues of race and ethnicity through five different sociological perspectives: functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, intersection theory, and critical race theory. Occupational sex segregation refers to which of the following? c. devaluation c. stress-related activities a. structural sexism. According to interactionists, gender stratification exists because people act toward each other on the basis of the meanings they have for one another. b. For example, while it is not an intended outcome, schools in an urban community may lead to an increase in interracial friendships and relationships, which is a beneficial outcome for the larger community and society. How can racism and discrimination contribute positively to society? People will react to something according to the meaning that that thing has for them (the meaning being created through our . The belief that laws that make sex work illegal are created by people with power, influence, and the ability to institutionalize their conceptualizations of particular morals and values is most closely associated with which of the following sociological perspectives? 45 percent Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site In 2012, full-time working women in the U.S. earned, on the average, about_______ of the weekly median earning of full-time working men. 1920s a. men seeking traditionally female jobs are more likely to be hired or promoted. An example of this might be an individual whose beliefs about a particular group are based on images conveyed in popular media, and those are unquestionably believed because the individual has never personally met a member of that group. weakness, or vulnerability, or asking for help. d. feminist, 1. b. a male perceived to be dishonoring his family. c. women were responsible for the majority of unpaid household labor in all of the countries. Conflict theories are often applied to inequalities of gender, social class, education, race, and ethnicity. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. b. an employer who requires sexual favors of an employee in exchange for a salary increase Delgado and Stefancic (2001) provided a foundational understanding of critical race theory by considering the following six elements: 1. d. females were more likely to be portrayed in the illustrations than males. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. c. Canada. A conflict theory perspective . b. emotion work. Honor killings are murders that often take place publicly as a result of b. lack of female STEM role models. b. anti-poverty programs designed to address overall economic inequality will reduce the feminization of poverty. In the United States, elementary and secondary school teachers have been found to The term "glass ceiling" refers to which of the following? the type of masculinity at the top of those hierarchies, and it changes across times, cultures, and subcultures, In general, patriarchal societies are characterized by, Women must earn a _________ degree in order to make more than a man with a bachelor's degree. As industrialization progressed and the production of goods and services moved away from the home, women c. women as religious leaders. Hence, we can observe people from various racial and ethnic backgrounds interacting harmoniously in a state of social balance. Symbolic Interactionism is a theoretical framework in sociology that describes how societies are created and maintained through the repeated actions of individuals (Carter and Fuller, 2015). d. men spent more time than women on unpaid household labor in Sweden. home simultaneously. This is a cultural belief system in which men are expected to desire and seek sex, but women are expected to be sexual only within committed, romantic relationships. Worldwide, women tend to work jobs characterized by all of the following EXCEPT b. gender role ideology In the late nineteenth century, the rising power of Black Americans after the Civil War resulted in draconian Jim Crow laws that severely limited Black political and social power. Women are more likely to be unemployed compared to men. 1._____________ refers to the blending of traditionally defined masculine and feminine characteristics.
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