Correspondence to This section presents results of the qualitative content analysis that examined and clustered factors influencing limits and benefits of the PASE activities that authors report in this topical collection. PLoS ONE 13(3):e0193579. And in turn, that this will guide the formation of hypothesis about their deployment and effects and thus render them easier to empirically investigate. While comparativists see the former as associated with pluralist and the latter corporatist systems (see Lijphart, Citation1999), others have argued that both styles of policymaking operate in all liberal democratic countries irrespective of system-level or institutional differences (Atkinson & Coleman, Citation1989; Cairney, Citation2018). The application of health promotion agenda-setting in practice enables a comprehensive, planned, innovative, and sustainable course of action which facilitates prioritization of public health. In relation, Abma [53] examines how the involvement of patients can redress power imbalances in health research agenda setting. in environmental policy [62]. Evaluations, for instance of the criteria used to take such decisions, show mixed results as well as possible bias regarding who presented the proposal [51]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-019-00167-3, Weber KM, Amanatidou E, Erdmann L, Nieminen M (2016) Research and innovation futures: exploring new ways of doing and organizing knowledge creation. Definitions by the largest Idiom Dictionary. Participatory agenda setting on the test bed. The concluding discussion speaks to the strengths of the proposed typology, and to points an agenda on advancing the scholarship on agenda-setting tools. [34] who discuss intra-personal relations in public engagement and conclude that building such networks contributes to the notion of capacity building, and should be seen as a major effect. Analyzing documents incorporates coding content into themes similar to how focus group or interview transcripts are analyzed (Bowen,2009). Of course, this tool can also be pressed into service to lock in agendas. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547015588601, Wang X (2015) Revisiting Upstream Public Engagement: from a Habermasian Perspective. Combining these dimensions can become a transformative ingredient of responsibilisation of actors and institutions in R&I systems [15]. oekom verlag, Mnchen, Wynne B (1993) Public uptake of science: a case for institutional reflexivity. Do they come from outside government through networks and communities of policymakers and stakeholders or do they come from within government via clear electoral mandates and party manifestos? It is a reasonable assumption to make that tools to manage policy demands vary in their complexity (e.g. Even though RRI is shifting its concept, its main dimensions inclusion, anticipation, responsiveness and reflexivity are established, with the addition of two emerging dimensions, i.e. This current topical collection collects theoretical contributions as well as empirical papers regarding cases and methods of participatory agenda setting activities to map international progress in this upcoming field of research and practice. [74] conclude that the impact of a participatory agenda setting activity on research and innovation governance needs to become transparently traceable, as otherwise trust the commissioning institution suffers. Public Underst Sci 26(6):634649. While Agenda setting . the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. This paper aims to fill this gap by identifying different types of agenda-setting tools deployed by government which are used to shape engagement from organised interests. Public engagement activities, especially multi-stage PASE ones, need sufficient resources, and a lack thereof decreases process function, quality and ownership, and thus any impact. Methods: We reviewed the healthcare literature and, using a modified Delphi technique to embrace both patient and clinician perspectives, conducted an iterative online survey, with 30 experts in health communication. Public Underst Sci 2(4):321337. Yet, imposition is often swiftly followed up by efforts at (re)building policy communities anew (Halpin, Citation2002). Policymakers can purposefully enact such routines to ensure this rhythm prevails on given issues (Peters, Citation2021). Pagliarino et al. Here, they suggest that policymakers . An example of this is seeing a sensational or scandalous story at the top of a broadcast as opposed to a story that happened more recently or one that affects . Whilst RRIs shift from academic discussion to institutional practice is well underway, a good part of these practices focusses on opening up research and innovation [16]. PE in the natural sciences often comes in form of citizen science, which primarily focusses on science communication or the involvement in data collection [60, 61]. This process of agenda-setting further occurs on three levels, each of which can affect how the . This article serves as introduction to this journals topical collection on participatory agenda setting for research and innovation (PASE). this hybrid model of agenda setting and framing can better illustrate the media's effect on public opinion. Participatory technology assessment (pTA) specifically aimed at strengthening inclusive deliberation on emerging technologies and STI agendas [8, 9], whilst foresight, and here especially horizon scanning activities with participatory elements, focussed early on the potential of stakeholder engagement for on identifying new topics for STI governance [10,11,12,13]. [79] state that the PASE lead to the inclusion of important societal topics that may otherwise have been neglected by researchers. PASE activities, for instance in form of horizon scanning with participatory elements as established in foresight, can focus attention on emerging technologies and breakthroughs as well as emerging challenges and questions outside the present scope of the major scientific establishment on research agendas. Readers learn not only about a given issue, but also how much importance to attach to that issue However, when government is operating in an impositional policy style, these instruments may be less useful. Examples of these are tools such as consultations, working groups or consultative committees. Thus, a concrete understanding of the means or various techniques by which governments go about managing this agenda-setting processg is no doubt a useful development of the policy instruments literature. The authors describe the rise of agroecology as innovative paradigm in agriculture, which relies on participatory research and sustainability principles. Resp Innov:2750. Outside the political cycle, we might expect to see this around crisis or other focussing events (like natural disasters or scandals). For policymakers, it is a process to effectively control or manage what issues gain government attention (and thereafter may be subject to government action). For instance, a government may seek to lock in regular reviews on statutory authorities with representation from key client groups in order to ensure their favoured issue agenda remains entrenched (even after they leave government). From a policy-making perspective, the agenda-setting phase is crucial. The terms research priority setting and research agenda setting are often used interchangeably [47]. Health Policy 70(3):281290. Since health research has been, until today, the most prominent scientific field that applies participatory agenda setting, taking a closer look at the abovementioned arguments is essential. Minerva 41(3):223244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-011-0149-x, Owen R, Stilgoe J, Macnaghten P, Gorman M, Fisher E, Guston D (2013) A framework for responsible innovation. We might expect this to occur after an election that brings with it a change of government, or in areas where their manifesto pledges are critical to re-election. NG is the sole author of this article. Despite these advances there are two major gaps in the literature. A related question focuses on the capacities of governments (see e.g. For instance, research has shown that a small minority of all government consultations attract the majority of the group responses, with most being replied to by fewer than 10 actors (Baumgartner & Leech, Citation2001; Halpin, Citation2011). R. J. i. t. Veld. [84] found that the room created for reflection had an emancipatory effect as it committed participants to changing unsatisfactory and oppressive realities. So, in this view, tools such as these are a curse to government, bogging it down in recurring issues and not allowing it space for new ideas. Balzs et al. Some fields actively foster PE activities, for instance space research [59]. The first is to consider arena-based agenda-setting instruments - contrasting those in the administrative, legislative, and public arenas. It enables understanding of why, given competition between social issues of concern, some elicit a more or less immediate political response. [85] analyse data from a participatory research agenda setting process for green care services which employ nature in a therapeutic context to offer well-being and health-promoting activities. Den Haag, RMNO (Advisory Council for Spatial Planning, Nature and the Environment), Sotoudeh M, Gudowsky N (2018) Participatory foresight for technology assessment - towards an evaluation approach for knowledge co-creation. Here, mutual learning is built on a common understanding of an issue and a prerequisite for meaningful deliberations in participatory agenda setting [53]. Referring to the concept of undone science [56], the authors show that several research questions emerged during the PASE, which are largely ignored by health research. References Feezell, J.T. These strategies amount to what scholars refer to as issue containment, where the aim is to limit or restrict what is considered to the narrowest grounds possible (Cobb & Ross, Citation1997, p. 19). In general, there are three main arguments that are presented the most when examining why public participation is necessary for political decision-making [33]. When distributed ahead of the meeting, the agenda lets participants plan ahead in preparing materials or ideas on topics. Substantive tools are understood to alter how goods and services are produced, consumed or distributed. In brief, the study of agenda setting concerns the ranking of government priorities. We know that events may well propel an issue onto the agenda, and, again, we can expect instruments to be deployed to bring these into a manageable mode. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11569-017-0284-7, Krabbenborg L, Mulder HAJ (2015) Upstream public engagement in nanotechnology. There is inadequate theoretical and empirical attention paid to the role of policy tools in other stages of the policymaking especially in managing policy demands (Howlett, Citation2019). Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. Setting out for methodological improvement, the authors discuss empirical results of participant evaluation questionnaire to explore potential loss and gain of diversity of opinions and creativity. This shows that expert takeovers in citizen involvement processes can contribute to a loss of authenticity [89]. For instance, Halpin (Citation2002) notes, often after imposing an agenda, government swiftly moves to a set of instruments that routinise a (revised) community around the new policy settings. The bias is because the media chooses for the people what is more vital, based on the prominence of the reports. Hinrichs and Johnston [81] assess two PASE exercises for future-oriented education and health governance taking place within a specifically designed workshop space (the decision theatre), aimed at fostering informed decision-making. The second relates to the focus of this special issue, i.e. Enabling mutual learning and reflexivity lays the foundation for (knowledge) co-creation [93,94,95,96]. Sci Public Policy 37(1):718, Burget M, Bardone E, Pedaste M (2017) Definitions and conceptual dimensions of responsible research and innovation: a literature review. In fact, the typology takes the view of policymakers consistent with the policy instruments literature and asks what tools can they deploy to get control of their agenda, or to steer it in ways that they see fit. Public Underst Sci 16(1):7995. Once we recognise that government is under pressure from external interests when setting its agenda, the question arises as to how they might seek to manage it? Abels and Bora [8] for instance conclude that regarding the high potentials of conflict in ethical debates [] participatory TA is an unpredictable tool with limited possibilities. Analysis of 25-year Scottish public consultations revealed that just 32% of those invited to engage in a given consultation do, in fact, participate. Third, our approach adopts a version of institutionalised politics where organised interests seek to engage government. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40309-016-0090-4, Jacobi A, Klver L, Rask M (2010) Relevant research in a knowledge democracy: citizens participation in defining research agendas for Europe. This resulted in criticism, for instance regarding conflict between integrity/impartiality of science and its involvement with the vested interests of the State and commerce on policy issues, threatening to destroy public trust in science [28], or regarding the alloted diminishing of democratically credible and sometimes effective street-protest in response to uneffective laboratory-like partcipation experiments [29, 30]. Abstract. This shift has inevitable institutional consequences for research funding, priority-setting and new collaborative models between science, policy, society and industry [17]. Sturgis and Allum [27] summarise that, on the one hand, perception of risk towards new technologies is strongly influenced by norms and values which do not primarily depend on peoples scientific understanding. Agenda-setting helps them influence how the public perceives a particular business event and performs damage control. We know that organised interests or interest groups spend some considerable time deciding what they would see as desirable policy priorities and outcomes. However, research systematically enumerating the engagement of organised interests across a large number of policy issues in the UK and US demonstrates highly skewed patterns of mobilisation (Baumgartner & Leech, Citation2001; Halpin Citation2011): most issues have very little engagement, with most engagement concentrated on a handful of contentious issues. Oxford University Press. This has implications as governments and government agencies have differing capabilities to deploy these resources (see e.g. Routinise: Perhaps the most common family of instruments are those that seek to move somewhat ill-structured or chaotic patterns of engagement with organized interests into more routinised forms. In fact, drumming up responses from key stakeholder groups might be as much a problem as trying to filter out excessive demands. [37] review the most discussed issues in deliberative democracy within the political and social sciences, and demonstrate, amongst others, that deliberation: (a) is a realistic endeavour (responding to criticism of being utopian), being implemented within and outside governmental institutions; (b) is essential to any democratic process; (c) is more than discussion and involves multiple sorts of communication; (d) can curtail elitist domination of policy; (e) does not primarily aim at consensus; however, (f) mitigates group polarisation and thus applies to deeply divided societies.
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