Differences in the identification process can also occur over time. ), total subscriptions: 61,096 (2021 est. Most Samaal clans are widely distributed pastoralists, although a . This notion laid the basis for rendering all Kenyan Somalis as non-native Africans after independence.Footnote81 In the late 1990s and early 2000s Somali Members of Parliament spoke about a policy of apartheid and of biological nationalism.Footnote82 The only other group having such an in-between status are Nubians,Footnote83 who have to go through a similar vetting process when applying for national identification documents, which includes not only the presentation of numerous documents (such as parents birth certificates), but also the recognition by a chief to indeed belong to the local community.Footnote84, The racial component also plays out in the daily life of Kenyan Somalis. This is especially pronounced in the case of urbanized Somalis living outside the northeastern region. 91. )crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est. There had been warnings that were not taken seriously concerning the attacks on the Westgate Mall (2013), the coastal town Mpeketoni close to Lamu (2014), as well as on the Garissa University College (2015).Footnote69 Moreover, when the Kenyan security apparatus reacted, it did so in an incoherent and chaotic way.Footnote70 Instead of improving coordination between the multiple security agencies, political actors responded in the same manner as before by blaming terrorism on Somali refugees in particular and the Somali inhabitants of Kenya in general, externalizing insecurity by utilizing the image of Somalis as ambiguous citizens, ignoring that many of the attackers were neither Kenyan Somalis nor Somali nationals.Footnote71. Before moving to Nakuru as a teenager, he lived in a small town at the coast. Ogaden | Unrepresented United Nations, Inter Governments Organization administered Somali territories of northern Kenya and Somaliland. Both of them, as good Muslims, did not go out to bars, but instead played video games in the evening and enjoyed Somali music. )government consumption: 14.3% (2017 est. Not only are they singled out by the police because of their physical appearance, but when walking along the street people whisper terms like warya,Footnote85 strengthening feelings of not-quite belonging. The first and biggest are the inhabitants of the northeastern region of Kenya, bordering Somalia and Ethiopia. ), total: 11.1% (2020 est. Meanwhile, the situation in neighbouring Somalia worsened, starting with the Ogaden war (1977-1978). At the same time Kenyan Somalis complained about being overrun by the Rer [reer, Somali for clan or group] Somalia.Footnote37, In the cities outside of the northeastern region, the situation for the Somali population likewise changed from the 1990s onwards. Talking from the current perspective an old man in Nakuru spoke about the early 1960s: In July [1960] Somalia was declared independent, in October I went there. Turton, The Isaq Somali Diaspora, 343. 50. www.knbs.or.ke/index.php?Option=com_content&view=article&id=151:ethnic-affiliation&catid=112&Itemid=638 [accessed 17 July 2015]. ), on food: 52.9% of household expenditures (2018 est. Nobody questions the connection of Kenyan Somalis to the soil of the northeastern region, where most of them live: what is disputed is the question of whether or not this makes them Kenyan. Whittaker, A New Model Village, 120. )proven reserves: 0 metric tons (2019 est. Refworld | Somalia: Information on the Ogaden clan in Somaliland Interviews with Mzee Jamal and with Nabiil, Nakuru, October 2010. 3099067 Almost 40% of Kenyans are under the age of 15 as of 2020 because of sustained high fertility, early marriage and childbearing, and an unmet need for family planning. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. The Ogaden was one of these and the two others were Djibouti and the Northern Frontier District in Kenya. Population and demographic of Mandera County: Garissa counry is 620,000 whereas Wajeer county is 660,000. The British established the East Africa Protectorate in 1895, which in 1920 was converted into a colony and named Kenya after its highest mountain. The Ogadeen are the single largest Somali clan family in both Kenya and Ethiopia and are highly politically influential in both countries. Population [ edit] According to the 2019 Kenya census, approximately 2,780,502 ethnic Somalis live in Kenya. Kenyan Somalis are drawn back and forth between an emphasis on their ethnic Somaliness and their belonging to Kenya as citizens they share their socialization with other fellow Kenyans, but are treated as if not quite belonging to Kenya. Between 2017 and 2023, the population needing humanitarian assistance in parts of Eastern Africa rose from 22.5 million to 68 million and, as reported in the financial tracking systems of the United Nation Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affair- UN-OCHA, the cost of humanitarian assistance doubled from US$4.1 billion to US$9.4 billion. Kenya is a source of emigrants and a host country for refugees. This means: at an individual level, an Ogaden from there might feel the urge or need or might be compelled . There are (limited) interlinkages between these groups, and there are many who do not fit into these artificially drawn categories. The intriguing conflicts which have been smoldering for a long period in the Horn of Africa erupted as Somalia invaded Ethiopia's Ogaden Province through subversion and direct aggression in an. McIntosh, Autochthony and Family, 265. Eastern Africa - Abyssinia | Britannica 240.71$ billion vs 190.97$ billion 18.01% fewer people living below the poverty line? Wiesmann, Kiteme and Mwangi, Socio-Economic Atlas, 122128. With access to education, healthcare, and technology, Kenya is poised for exponential growth. Lochery discusses citizenship as being graduated.Footnote5 Using the example of the screening exercise of 1989, when all Kenyan Somalis had to get registered, she demonstrates how institutions negotiate and produce citizenship, resulting in graduated access to rights and protection. agriculture: 34.5% (2017 est. 107.53 million vs 49.36 million 49.74$ billion higher GDP (PPP)? The first part of the paper gives a short historical overview of the socio-political position of the Somali population of Kenya, while the second part deals with three of the states citizen-making instruments crucial over the last decade: the census of 2009, the elections of 2013, and the move towards securitization since 2013, following terrorist attacks on Kenyan soil. Possession of Kenyan identity documents is, however, a necessity for participation in the legal aspects of citizenship. Ceded to Ethiopia by the British in 1954, Ogaden has twice been fought over with Somalia, which claims the region . Nairobi Development and the Somali Question in Kenya, c. 191517. )permanent pasture: 37.4% (2018 est. Precursors of this paper were presented at the Bayreuth Academy of Advanced African Studies in December 2013 and the Somali Studies Conference in Helsinki in 2015. Kenyans has humiliated our people in Kenya. . HRW, Death and Disappearances, 16; Lind et al., Killing a Mosquito, 14. 13. 31. 100. The areas with altitudes between 1,400 and 1,600 metres are characterised as semi-arid; receiving as much as 500-600 mm of rainfall annually. )-$4.792 billion (2020 est. Kenya National Assembly Official Record (Hansard), Parliamentary Debates, July 14, 1999, p. 1327 and October 24, 2001, p. 2713. North Eastern Province (Kenya) - Wikipedia Kenya has experienced dramatic population growth since the mid-20th century as a result of its high birth rate and its declining mortality rate. 22. )biomass and waste: 1.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. Islam is also one of the elements dividing Kenyan Somalis from the Christian majority. This paper deals with the way a politics of belonging has been enacted in recent years in Kenya, and what this means for the Somali population of the country. The Somalis who live in North Eastern Province of Greater Somalia in the present day Kenya are close to three million (3,000,000) in the 2019 Kenya National Census with another 400,000 Somalia refugees in several Kenya refugee camps. The constitution of 2010 not only stressed the idea of political inclusion of all citizens and groups, but also resulted, for instance, in a new Citizenship and Integration Act (2011), which provided among others for dual citizenship. Letter by B. Jommo, Cross-ethnic and Proud of Ourselves, Daily Nation, 14 August 2009. http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Letters/440806-639674-8crbl7z/index.html. For the first time it was possible to be counted as Kenyan, and about 600,000 people did so.Footnote50 In one letter to the Daily Nation, the author described himself as belonging to a group of urban detribalized or de-ethnicised Kenyans, growing up in neighbourhoods that are characterized by diversity and jamaa wa mtaa (family of the street): We may be a minority, but we represent the future.Footnote51 Furthermore, smaller ethnic groups tried to gain recognition by the state, which in the case of Nubians, for example, meant being finally accepted as Kenyans.Footnote52, The census count of Somali inhabitants of Kenya was also controversial. See Balaton-Chrimes, Counting as Citizens.. Ambiguous citizens: Kenyan Somalis and . Making citizens in Kenya after the post-election violence of 20072008, Race and cultural citizenship as two dimensions of Kenyanness, Conclusion: Kenyan Somalis and the question of belonging, http://www.unhcr.org/ke/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/01/Kenya-Operation-Factsheet-December-2017-.pdf, http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Kenyan-Somalis-treated-like-second-class-citizens-/440808-2277348-pj74alz/index.html, http://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/lifestyle/Echoes-of-nationhood-in-the-Silent-Room/1214-3046604-shee9bz/index.html, http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Census-data-on-Kenyan-Asians-raises-more-questions-than-answers-/440808-1004396-v1yqaw/index.html, www.knbs.or.ke/index.php?Option=com_content&view=article&id=151:ethnic-affiliation&catid=112&Itemid=638, http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Letters/440806-639674-8crbl7z/index.html, http://www.nation.co.ke/news/How-North-Eastern-figures-went-wrong-/1056-1001530-1d3tow/index.html, http://www.nation.co.ke/news/High-Court-cancels-closure-of-Dabaab/1056-3806030-7enmgdz/index.html, http://www.nation.co.ke/news/-Dadaab-Uhuru-Kenyatta-UN-Antonio-Guterres/1056-3841890-2qvff6z/index.html, http://www.nation.co.ke/counties/mandera/Kenya-Somalia-border-fence/1183298-3472166-hyn3f6z/, http://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/Security-laws-illegal-declares-High-Court/1064-2633342-jw2qp1/index.html, http://securityassistance.org/data/country/military/country/2011/2018/is_all/Africa, http://www.nation.co.ke/news/How-Abdul-Haji-rescued-Westgate-hostages/1056-2007316-5ol57g/index.html, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/kenya0716web_1.pdf, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/insult_to_injury.pdf. )imports: 822,000 metric tons (2020 est. 15. Almost 40% of Kenyans are under the age of 15 as of 2020 because of sustained high fertility, early marriage and childbearing, and an unmet need for family planning. 109. UNPO: Ogaden - Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization Carrier and Kochore, Navigating Ethnicity, 135. ), 20.3 years (2014 est. In the multi-ethnic state of Kenya, there are other groups as well who are ambiguous citizens including Asians, Whites, Nubians and Arabs for whom two main dimensions along which Kenyanness is constructed come into the foreground: a racial dimension and a cultural dimension. According to Human Rights Watch in 2008, the Ogaden is the largest Darod clan in Ethiopia's Somali Region, and may account for 40 to 50 percent of the Somali population in Ethiopia. Their positioning in a gray space within Kenyan society, leaves them neither integrated nor eliminated, forming pseudo-permanent margins.Footnote9 What impact the new urgency to form a more united Kenyan nation, following the post-election violence in 20072008, has on its Somali population is discussed below. )beer: 0.81 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. Marehan, Murulle, Degodia & Garre need to secede from Kenya - SomaliNet When the results were published in September 2010, Kenyan Somalis were, as in 1999, the strongest growing group. The region has an overall low population density and is home to Somali-speaking nomadic pastoralists. 80. note: data are in current year dollars$17.717 billion (2020 est.) 98. Shocking Sexual Violence Against Women in Ogaden Instead, a de jure count was undertaken, followed by sampling. UNPO: Ogaden: International Unawareness About Genocidal Campaign In )from petroleum and other liquids: 16.459 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. The Sands of the Ogaden Are Blowing Across East Africa 25. Janet McIntosh argues in her article about white citizens of Kenya, who, similar to Kenyan Somalis, have a conspicuous minority status, that even though the Kenyan government stated that all Kenyans are indigenous,Footnote80 this phrase implicitly only refers to Kenyans of African descent, linking national belonging to race. McIntosh, Autochthony and Family, 257. Cheesman et al., Decentralisation in Kenya, 15. As in many of the long-term urbanized Kenyan Somali families, Somali was not spoken frequently at home. )5.4% (2020 est. Horn of Africa. ), 5.74% (2021 est. )3.09% of GDP (2020 est. )consumption: 821,000 metric tons (2020 est. Formula Narratives and the Making of Social Stratification and Inequality, The Ogaden and the Fragility of Somali Segmentary Nationalism, Killing a Mosquito with a Hammer: Al-Shabaab Violence and State Security Responses in Kenya, Between a Protracted and a Crisis Situation: Policy Responses to Somali Refugees in Kenya, Rendering Difference Visible: The Kenyan State and its Somali Citizens, Soil, Work, Civilisation, and Citizenship in Kenya, Autochthony and Family: The Politics of Kinship in White Kenyan Bids to Belong. See for instance the 2016 exhibition Who I Am, Who We Are in Nairobi and an article in the Daily Nation discussing this exhibition. )industrial: 300 million cubic meters (2020 est. After a series of attacks on Kenyan soil carried out by the militant Somalian movement al-Shabaab, its Kenyan affiliate al-Hijra or actors claiming proximity to these groups, the Kenyan security apparatus reacted with heavy-handed measures, especially targeting ethnic Somalis living in Kenya.Footnote66 Kenyas Operation Linda Nchi (Protect the country) in October 2011, intended to push back al-Shabaab fighters from southern Somalia,Footnote67 was followed by a series of retaliatory attacks by al-Shabaab, often carried out in areas inhabited by ethnic Somalis. ), fossil fuels: 8.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est. )proven reserves: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. Ceuppens and Geschiere argue that, in many African countries, ideas of national citizenship have been pushed aside by notions of autochthony with their implicit exclusion of strangers (allochthons) since the early 1990s.Footnote4 In Kenya, autochthony discourses play indeed a role regarding questions of who can vote where, but not concerning the overall notion of citizenship. 24. [citation needed] Administration [ edit] 41. )geothermal: 46.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Afrobarometer Data, Kenya, R3R7, 2005/062016/18. 57. Why Ogaden War I met only a few Kenyan Somalis who had family networks spanning across the border to Somalia or who had moved for work reasons to Somalia. The ambiguousness of citizenship for Kenyan Somalis was complicated further in the 1990s, with the increasing number of Somalian refugees in Kenya.Footnote29 While this number officially includes only those registered as refugees, many more Somalians live outside the camps in the northeastern region as well as in Kenyan urban centres.Footnote30 From the early 1990s onwards, anti-refugee sentiments were aimed at Somalians. )imports: 277 million kWh (2019 est. Overall NFD population is 2.2 million. While they have been treated as ambiguous citizens since independence, many think of themselves as Kenyans and at least in the last decade, Somalia, Somaliland and Puntland have not been central points of reference for many. Since Kenyas independence in 1963, the question of how to incorporate the heterogenous parts of its society has been a vital issue. Sometimes the status of insider is almost impossible to reach. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ), electrification - total population: 85% (2019)electrification - urban areas: 99% (2019)electrification - rural areas: 79% (2019), installed generating capacity: 3.304 million kW (2020 est. )hydroelectricity: 32.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est. The Ongoing Struggle for Kenya and Ethiopia's, Is There a Solution? It is Kenya that does not want Somalis in Kenya.Footnote10, Even in colonial times, the Somali population of British East Africa was treated differently from other inhabitants. 65. Many Kenyan Somalis are tired of these improvised solutions and want to be treated as any other Kenyan.Footnote47 Furthermore, as the ID is associated with citizenship, lack of ID means that, in the eyes of the majority, those without do not belong.Footnote48. Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC). In Dadaab: refugees v locals | Global development | The Guardian During the Wagalla massacre in 1984, for instance, between 1,000 and 5,000 Somalis were killed by security personnel, demonstrating a continuity of military and state policy towards the north.Footnote23 Yet despite the violence of the Kenyan state in the northeastern region, Lewis could write in the late 1980s The large Somali community in Northern Kenyatends tobe quite firmly integrated into Kenya.Footnote24. Ethiopia was deemed the ripest for immediate action. 60. The Ogaden is the historical name for much of the current SNRS. By around the 9th century, the mix of Africans, Arabs, and Persians who lived and traded there became known as Swahili ("people of the coast") with a distinct language (KiSwahili) and culture. The practices around the issuance of identity papers, the discrimination through vetting processes, as well as the forgery of papers, led to hopes that the introduction of biometric databases could make the registration and recognition process more transparent. Even though Kenyan Somalis have been treated as ambiguous citizens since independence, the question for many of them is not so much if they belong to Kenya, but rather how. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. In 2013, presidential elections coincided with the new county-level elections, intensifying this feature of Kenya politics. 10.9% vs 4.9% 36.62% lower obesity rate among adults? Diaspora Somalis Negotiate Their Citizenship, Remembering Wagalla: State Violence in Northern Kenya, 19621991, Counting as Citizens: Recognition of the Nubians in the 2009 Kenyan Census, Feeling the Pinch: Kenya, Al-Shabaab, and East Africas Refugee Crisis, Urban Refugees in Nairobi: Problems of Protection, Mechanisms of Survival, and Possibilities for Integration, Navigating Ethnicity and Electoral Politics in Northern Kenya: The Case of the 2013 Election, Autochthony: Local Or Global? 35. )nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. In Nakuru, for instance, there were only about 500 Somalis in 1995, mostly members of long-urbanized families. The Dir, Daarood, Isaaq, and Hawiye, which together make up the Samaal clans, constitute roughly 75 percent of the population. Lochery, Rendering Difference Visible, 617. The term furthermore encompasses the diverse roles in which Kenyan Somalis can find themselves: as marginalized citizens in the northeastern region, as high-ranking politicians, as businesspeople in the metropoles and as urbanized (lower) middle class Kenyans. Carrier and Kochore, Navigating Ethnicity, 144. Because I realized this land was different from the land we were born in.Footnote94 Even though he often spoke about the marginalization of urbanized Kenyan Somalis, he emphasized attending public celebrations of Kenyan national holidays, such as the Madaraka day (in commemoration of Kenyas internal self-rule in 1963). Political competition linked to the re-introduction of multi-party politics as well as tensions between local communities and refugees over environmental degradation, jobs, and access to servicesFootnote34 led to several violent conflicts. ), fresh water lake(s): Lake Victoria (shared with Tanzania and Uganda) - 62,940 sq kmsalt water lake(s): Lake Turkana (shared with Ethiopia) - 6,400 sq km, Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km), population heavily concentrated in the west along the shore of Lake Victoria; other areas of high density include the capital of Nairobi, and in the southeast along the Indian Ocean coast as shown in this population distribution map, recurring drought; flooding during rainy seasons, volcanism: limited volcanic activity; the Barrier (1,032 m) last erupted in 1921; South Island is the only other historically active volcano, the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa; glaciers are found on Mount Kenya, Africa's second highest peak; unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife of scientific and economic value; Lake Victoria, the world's largest tropical lake and the second largest fresh water lake, is shared among three countries: Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda, Kikuyu 17.1%, Luhya 14.3%, Kalenjin 13.4%, Luo 10.7%, Kamba 9.8%, Somali 5.8%, Kisii 5.7%, Mijikenda 5.2%, Meru 4.2%, Maasai 2.5%, Turkana 2.1%,non-Kenyan 1%, other 8.2% (2019 est. Concerning Somali shopping centres see Scharrer and Carrier, Giving Informality Room.. East Africa is the most populous subregion of Africa, with a population of approximately 455 million people. From Kenyan Somalis urbanized during the colonial time, this meta-image derives the legal notion of alienness, and from the Somalis of the northeastern region the tropes of violent opposition to the state and of cultural difference. See also Menkhaus, Conflict Assessment, 94 and 110. One of the biggest took place in April 2014 as usalama watch (security watch), when police went to urban neighbourhoods where ethnic Somalis live to arrest foreign nationals and terrorism suspects.Footnote74 The government also used extra-judicial killings and disappearances mainly in the northeastern region, returning to strategies employed under emergency regulations.Footnote75 Thirdly, the border to Somalia was temporarily closed and in 2015 Kenya started to build a wall along it. which may lead them to rule in a biased way against women and girls. The widespread use of rape in Ogaden has . )transmission/distribution losses: 2.724 billion kWh (2019 est. Kenyan Somalis seem to be ambiguous in both of them. 33. Those elected in 2013 included a considerable number of Kenyan Somalis, some assuming important positions in parliament and government. One of the candidates, William Ruto, campaigned as a fellow pastoralist, suggesting that he and the northern voters should bring their herds together in the quest for northern development.Footnote91, McIntosh stated that whites in Kenya do not fit the stereotype of the wenyeji, a Kiswahili term invoking local inhabitants whocan take for granted cultural citizenship in the nation as a whole.Footnote92 She shows several strategies used by white Kenyans to underline their belonging to Kenya one of them consists of stressing their cultural citizenship, for instance by having attended Kenyan schools.Footnote93. 56. It was created in 1974 [2] and is bordered by the Ogaden in Ethiopia, the North Eastern Province in Kenya, and the Somali regions of Bakool, Bay, Jubbada Dhexe (Middle Juba), and Jubbada Hoose (Lower Juba) further down east. Ogaden (clan) | Somali Wiki | Fandom Terrorist Attacks in Kenya Reveal Domestic Radicalization 74. Ogaden - Wikipedia ), $11.825 billion (2021 est.) Accessed March 7, 2018. http://www.afrobarometer.org. When asked how they would identify when having to choose between the two, Kenyan Somalis were not only among those groups with the highest rates of choosing a national (Kenyan) over an ethnic identity, this trend deepened between the years 20052006 (about one-third of the Somali respondents) and 20162018 (about two-thirds of the respondents).Footnote108 In the same period, their feeling of being (often or always) treated unfairly by the government because of their ethnicity declined in the opposite direction (from about 70% to about 40%). )2.83% of GDP (2019 est. The successful candidate must secure 25% of votes in more than half of the counties, turning northeastern counties into swing regions. The position of Kenyan Somalis is, to speak in Yiftachel terms, situated in gray spaces, between the whiteness of legality or approval, and the blackness of eviction or destruction. 6. )1.2% of GDP (2020)1.2% of GDP (2019)1.3% of GDP (2018)1.4% of GDP (2017), approximately 24,000 personnel (20,000 Army; 1,500 Navy; 2,500 Air Force) (2022), the KDF's inventory traditionally carried mostly older or second-hand Western weapons systems, particularly from France, the UK, and the US; however, since the 2000s it has sought to modernize and diversify its imports, and suppliers have included more than a dozen countries including China, Italy, and the US (2022), no conscription; 18-26 years of age for male and female voluntary service (under 18 with parental consent; upper limit 30 years of age for specialists, tradesmen, or women with a diploma; 39 years of age for chaplains/imams); 9-year service obligation (7 years for Kenyan Navy) and subsequent 3-year re-enlistments; applicants must be Kenyan citizens (2022), 260 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 3,650 Somalia (ATMIS) (2022)note: in November 2022, Kenya sent approximately 1,000 troops to the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) as part of a newly formed East Africa Community Regional Force (EACRF) to assist the DRC military against the rebel group M23; the force is led by Kenya, the KDF is considered to be an experienced, effective, and professional force; it has conducted operations in neighboring Somalia since 2011 and taken part in numerous regional peacekeeping and security missions; it is a leading member of the Africa Standby Force; the KDF trains regularly, participates in multinational exercises, and has ties to a variety of foreign militaries, including those of France, the UK, and the US; its chief security concerns and missions include protecting the countrys sovereignty and territory, regional disputes, the threat posed by the al-Shabaab terrorist group based in neighboring Somalia, maritime crime and piracy, and assisting civil authorities in responding to emergency, disaster, or political unrest as requestedthe Army has 5 combat brigades, including 3 infantry, an armored, and an artillery brigade; it also has a helicopter-equipped air cavalry battalion and a special operations regiment comprised of airborne, special forces, and ranger battalions; the Navy has several offshore patrol vessels, large coastal patrol boats, and missile-armed craft; the Air Force has a small inventory of older US-origin fighter aircraft, as well as some transport aircraft and combat helicopters Kenyan military forces intervened in Somalia in October 2011 to combat the al Qaida-affiliated al-Shabaab terrorist group, which had conducted numerous cross-border attacks into Kenya; in November 2011, the UN and the African Union invited Kenya to incorporate its forces into the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM); Kenyan forces were formally integrated into AMISOM in February 2012; they consist of approximately 3,600 troops and are responsible for AMISOMs Sector 2 comprising Lower and Middle Jubba (see Appendix T for additional details on al-Shabaab; note - as of May 2022, AMISOM was renamed the AU Transition Mission in Somalia or ATMIS)the Kenya Military Forces were created following independence in 1963; the current KDF was established and its composition laid out in the 2010 constitution; it is governed by the Kenya Defense Forces Act of 2012; the Army traces its origins back to the Kings African Rifles (KAR), a British colonial regiment raised from Britain's East Africa possessions from 1902 until independence in the 1960s; the KAR conducted both military and internal security functions within the colonial territories, and served outside the territories during the World Wars (2023), the International Maritime Bureau reported no piracy attacks in the territorial and offshore waters of Kenya in 2022; although the opportunity for incidents has reduced, the Somali pirates continue to possess the capability and capacity to carry out incidents; in the past, vessels have also been targeted off Kenya, Tanzania, Seychelles, Madagascar, Mozambique, as well as in the Indian ocean, and off the west and south coasts of India and west Maldives; generally, Somali pirates tend to be well armed with automatic weapons, RPGs and sometimes use skiffs launched from mother vessels, which may be hijacked fishing vessels or dhows; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2023-003 - Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, Bab al Mandeb Strait, Red Sea, and Somali Basin-Threats to Commercial Vessels) effective 23 February 2023, which states in part that "Regional conflict, military activity, and political tensions pose threats to commercial vessels operating in the above listed geographic areas" that shipping in territorial and offshore waters in the Indian Ocean remain at risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships, al-Shabaab; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)/Qods Forcenote: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T, Kenya-Ethiopia: their border was demarcated in the 1950s and approved in 1970; in 2012, Kenya and Ethiopia agreed to redemarcate their boundary following disputes over beacons and cross-border crime, Kenya-Somalia: Kenya works hard to prevent the clan and militia fighting in Somalia from spreading across the border, which has long been open to nomadic pastoralists; in 2021, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) gave Somalia control over a disputed ocean area where the seabeds are believed to hold vasts oil and gas deposits; the ICJ ruling gave Somalia the rights to several offshore oil exploration blocks previously claimed by Kenya; Kenya did not recognize the courts decision, Kenya-South Sudan: two thirds of the boundary that separates Kenya and South Sudan's sovereignty known as the Ilemi Triangle has been unclear since British colonial times; Kenya has administered the area since colonial times; officials from Kenya and South Sudan signed a memorandum of understanding on boundary delimitation and demarcation and agreed to set up a joint committee; as of July 2019, the demarcation process was to begin in 90 days, but was delayed due to a lack of funding, Kenya-Sudan: Kenya served as an important mediator in brokering Sudan's north-south separation in February 2005, Kenya-Tanzania: Kenya and Tanzania were conducting a joint reaffirmation process in November 2021 to ensure the border was visibly marked with pillars, Kenya-Uganda: Kenya and Uganda began a joint demarcation of the boundary in 2021, refugees (country of origin): 21,620 (Ethiopia), 8,159 (Burundi), 5,540 (Sudan) (2022); 281,319 (Somalia), 157,402 (South Sudan), 72,192 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (2023)IDPs: 190,000 (election-related violence, intercommunal violence, resource conflicts, al-Shabaab attacks in 2017 and 2018) (2021)stateless persons: 16,779 (2022); note - the stateless population consists of Nubians, Kenyan Somalis, and coastal Arabs; the Nubians are descendants of Sudanese soldiers recruited by the British to fight for them in East Africa more than a century ago; Nubians did not receive Kenyan citizenship when the country became independent in 1963; only recently have Nubians become a formally recognized tribe and had less trouble obtaining national IDs; Galjeel and other Somalis who have lived in Kenya for decades are included with more recent Somali refugees and denied ID cards, a transit country for a variety of illicit drugs, including heroin and cocaine; transit location for precursor chemicals used to produce methamphetamine and other drugs; transshipment country for heroin from Southwest Asia destined for international markets, mainly Europe, and cocaine transits shipped through Ethiopia from South America; cultivates cannabis and miraa (khat) for both local use and export, total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030, Children under the age of 5 years underweight, International law organization participation, Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income, Household income or consumption by percentage share, Civil aircraft registration country code prefix, Military and security service personnel strengths, Military equipment inventories and acquisitions, Refugees and internally displaced persons, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI).
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