The conservation of the underground orchid is complicated. Today, all Rhizanthella species are vulnerable: the species R. gardneri and R. johnstonii are listed as critically endangered under national environment laws, while R. slateri and and R. omissa are listed as endangered. [3][4][5][6], Underground orchids do not possess chloroplasts but they retain plastid genes, although R. gardneri possesses the smallest organelle genome yet described in land plants. ?H\_\ aRk]b;`.]h%LJ8+pe'^0H(RGSX,2:Lp{FUe{^]
7q XU3&\dAg.5leh;otx N;XjqSXVlk8[.W oml>z@2Y!n(/EtBZx@. Three quarters of a century later, I was involved in conserving the population of Rhizanthella in this location when the Bulahdelah bypass was built. As the broombush photosynthesized, it fixed this radiolabeled carbon into sugar and that sugar could then be traced throughout the plant and other organisms living in the rhizosphere. The seeds of underground orchids, however, are like ball bearings and the fruits smell like the famous vanilla orchid of Mexico, whose seeds and pods add scent and flavour to everything from candles to ice cream. endobj
Checklist dataset, https://species.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhizanthella&oldid=8491474, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. *Rhizanthella gardneri is a rare and fully subterranean orchid that is presumably obligately mycoheterotrophic. Rhizanthella - Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia Rhizanthella has been known to science since 1928, when a farmer in Western Australia who was ploughing mallee for wheat fields noticed a number of tuber-like plants among the roots of broom bushes. Recognising them as unusual, he sent some specimens to the Western Australian Herbarium. The world of ecology, from the forest floor. : RTS Home Accents Large Polyethylene Landscape Rock 36"W x 27"D x 14"H, Left Triangle, Gray Color. Rhizanthella gardneri Orchidaceae. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide to oxygen and sugars. Last year, using radioactive tracers, scientists at The University of Western Australia showed that the orchid gets all its nutrients by parasitising fungi associated with the roots of broom bush, a woody shrub of the WA outback. It is a herb that spends its entire life cycle, including flowering, at or below the soil surface. Science X Daily and the Weekly Email Newsletters are free features that allow you to receive your favourite sci-tech news updates. There are no roots and new tubers form at the end of short stems. Swamp wallabies and long-nosed bandicoots may disperse the underground orchid seeds, but theyre locally extinct in WA. Amanda Spooner, Descriptive Catalogue, 26 May 2003. Brain Circuits for Locomotion Came Before Scientists Slow Aging by Engineering Longevity in Cells, Brain Circuits for Locomotion Evolved Long Before Appendages and Skeletons, Jellyfish-Like Robots Could One Day Clean Up the World's Oceans, Whales Stop by Gold Coast Bay for Day Spa Fix With Full Body Scrubs, Coastal Species Persist on High Seas on Floating Plastic Debris, X-Ray Analysis Sheds New Light on Prehistoric Predator's Last Meal, Fossils Reveal the Long-Term Relationship Between Feathered Dinosaurs and Feather-Feeding Beetles, Oregon Timber Harvests Don't Appear to Affect Rare Salamander, Study Finds, A Single Gene for Scent Reception Separates Two Species of Orchid Bees, Fungi Living in Cattail Roots Could Improve Our Picture of Ancient Ecoystems, CCPA/CPRA: Do Not Sell or Share My Information. Grows in association with Melaleuca uncinata. D>i\44xjTJjs=_#-\F]M|h6gdUB }EXg`HwVg)J*c>{0dR With this in mind, one might ponder a bit and question how good is an underground billboard? It is a herb that spends its entire life cycle, including flowering, at or below the soil surface. If you ask someone to imagine an orchid, chances are pots of moth orchids lined up for sale in a hardware store will spring to mind, with their thick shiny leaves and vibrant petals. Shireen Gonzaga is a freelance writer who enjoys writing about natural history. Rhizanthella: Orchids unseen - New Phytologist Foundation Based on the promotion prices as advertised in accordance with this flyer's sale dates. [2][4], The species is classified as "critically endangered" under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and as "Threatened Flora (Declared Rare Flora Extant)" by the Department of Environment and Conservation (Western Australia). Free Shipping. Rhizanthella gardneri, an orchid that lives its entire life underground, has no need for photosynthesis having become a parasite to a fungus living a symbiotic relationship with a type of woody shrub in the Western Australia outback. California initially banned their sale due to concerns about genetically modified fish. The orchid obtains its energy and nutrients as a myco-heterotroph via mycorrhizal fungi that form associations with the roots of broombush species including M. uncinata, M. scalena and M. Credit: Mark Clements. The new taxon described in this paper resolves the enigmatic, disjunct distribution of Rhizanthella in Western Australia, where there was thought to be a central and southern node of a single. Offer excludes localized promotions. 2021. Recognising them as unusual, he sent some specimens to the Western Australian Herbarium. But would you recognise a clump of grass-like roots clinging to a tree trunk as an orchid? George Whitesides says nanotech will teach us plants secrets. Plate 468. Rhizanthella Gardneri | Request PDF - ResearchGate The plant spends its entire growth cycle underground; even when it flowers, the blooms are several centimeters below the soil surface. Rhizanthella, commonly known as underground orchids, [3] is a genus of flowering plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae and is endemic to Australia. Jack had found the first subterranean flowering plant. These plant specialists even before the use of genetic sequencing confirmed that this plant was actually an orchid. Fred Hort/Flickr, CC BY-SA. Soc. Subfamilia: Orchidoideae The Conversation, Rhizanthella speciosa from Barrington Tops. Leek orchids are beautiful, endangered and we have no idea how to grow them. Sorting out the functions of those other genes has been difficult to do in photosynthesizing plants. In Western Australia, these animals are locally extinct. Name Status. Native distribution areas Reference: Brummitt, R.K. (2001) TDGW - World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2 nd Edition. Rhizanthella gardneri leads a very peculiar life. %
[9], Rhizanthella gardneri is only known from the Avon Wheatbelt biogeographic region of Western Australia, where it grows in association with broom honeymyrtle (Melaleuca uncinata), between Corrigin and Babakin. In Western Australia, these animals are locally extinct. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Superregnum: Eukaryota In return, pollen, the male gametophyte in the plants life cycle, gets a free ride to another individual with a female gametophyte waiting to be fertilized. Regnum: Plantae Reference page. Termites and ants have been seen to enter the flower heads. The myco-heterotrophic Rhizanthella gardneri, Jeremy Bougoure, Mark Brundrett and Pauline Grierson, Laboulbenia species; fungi analogous to athletes foot. Western Australia 15: 1 (1928), References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. . Here,Rhizanthella gardneri needs both an autotrophic shrub that is colonized by a compatible mycorrhizal fungus for this critically endangered plant to successfully reproduce. But Australia's orchids are greater in number and stranger in form than many people realise. "Western Australia's incredible underground orchid." Carbon and nitrogen supply to the underground orchid, Rhizanthella gardneri The petals are joined at their bases to the column and are shorter than the sepals. The floral structures of four described species of Rhizanthella: (a) R. slateri (b) R. omissa (c) R. johnstonii (d) R. gardneri. Rhizanthella gardneri. [5], Three of the known populations of Rhizanthella gardneri are protected within nature reserves,[3] and a concerted initiative has been launched to safeguard this species for future generations. Something went wrong while submitting the form. The conservation of the underground orchid is complicated. Rhizanthella - Wikispecies - Wikimedia Your email address will only be used for EarthSky content. In a trophic dynamic study, they radiolabeled carbon dioxide pumping a known amount of this labeled Co2 directly into leaf surfaces. The most recently discovered species hasn't yet been listed, but its scarcity means it's probably highly vulnerable. 'Like finding life on Mars': why the underground orchid is Australia's [18], The pollination mechanism of Rhizanthella is not known. As he glanced backward, he noticed pale like flower structures being tossed into the air. CSIRO provides funding as a founding partner of The Conversation AU. Because of its rarity, the locations of the orchids are a secret. Found by Jean and Fred Hort. "(($#$% '+++,.3332-3333333333 Orchids in the genus Rhizanthella are mostly underground, perennial, sympodial, mycotrophic herbs with fleshy underground stems which produce new shoots at nodes where there are colourless leaf-like cataphylls. In 1931, another underground orchid was discovered in eastern Australia at Bulahdelah in NSW by an orchid . Have any problems using the site? TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition, English:Underground orchids Rhizanthella gardneri - Wikispecies - Wikimedia The name Rhizanthella was coined by Richard Rogers in 1928 and refers to the rhizome-like tubers of the two orchids. So, when you do indeed find a pale looking plant without green pigments, you know that its not acquiring energy like most plants. Flowering time depends on species and is followed by the fruit which is a berry that does not split open (indehiscent) and which contains 50 to 100 seeds. This page was last edited on 9 July 2021, at 17:37. *:JZjz ? All in all, a ton of interactions must go right for the success of this species. Rhizanthella gardneri. Scientists theorize that chloroplasts originated from free-living photosynthetic microbes called cyanobacteria that were incorporated into cells that would eventually evolve to become plants. Australia is home to around 1,550 species and 95% are endemic, meaning they dont occur naturally anywhere else in the world. Conservation of the underground orchid might require intricate strategies, such as reintroducing bandicoots to a protected area, preventing bushfires and using alternatives to burning to manage the land. Despite the fact that this fully subterranean orchid cannot photosynthesise and has no green parts at all, it still retains chloroplasts -- the site of photosynthesis in plants. Rhizanthella in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. All orchid species need a buddy, a particular soil fungus, for their seeds to germinate, and Rhizanthella must have its habitat to survive. This tripartite ecology is quite fascinating and we can thank researchers Jeremy Bougoure, Mark Brundrett and Pauline Grierson for their work uncovering the underlying biology of this amazing plant. Content on this website is for information only. Read the original article. "Western Australia's incredible underground orchid." A primary function of chloroplasts in plants is photosynthesis, but since this orchid no longer photosynthesizes, those genes left in its chloroplasts that are also found in other plants serve a different purpose. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110208101337.htm (accessed May 1, 2023). <>
[7], The first formal description of an underground orchid was by Richard Sanders Rogers who published his description of R. gardneri in the Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia in 1928. Fl. It even blooms underground, making it virtually unique amongst plants. Remember, the vast majority of plants fix carbon into sugars through photosynthesis. Rhizanthella gardneri is known from two disjunct areas some 300 km apart - between Corrigin and Babakin and northwest of Munglinup. Regnum: Plantae [6] R. speciosa was discovered in 2016 in wet sclerophyll forest in Barrington Tops, which contrasts with the more-open dry forest habitat of R. Compared to other plants, this orchid has the fewest number of genes in its chloroplast (a sub-unit of the plant cell that has its own genome). TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition, English:Western underground orchidlatvieu:Rietumu ierakumorhideja: :, GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Read more: Our work with DNA has shown, in the orchid family tree, Rhizanthella is most closely related to leek orchids (Prasophyllum) and onion orchids (Microtis). The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. "We needed all the help we could get since it often took hours of searching under shrubs on hands and knees to find just one underground orchid!". This was reversed in 2015 allowing their sale in line with the rest of the country , . Known for almost a century, but rarely seen. Rhizanthella gardneri is a leafless, sympodial herb with a horizontal rhizome 60-120 mm (2.4-4.7 in) below the soil surface. Note: Content may be edited for style and length. Flowering of Rhizanthella gardneri begins in late May, early June when each plant produces up to 100 small, inward facing, cream to reddish coloured flowers, surrounded by 6 to 12 large, cream or pinkish-cream bracts. Now, with less than 50 individuals left in the wild, scientists have made a timely and remarkable discovery about its genome. Beginning in late May to early June, the plant produces up to 100 small, inward-facing pinkish to deep red and cream coloured flowers 4-5 mm (0.16-0.20 in) wide, surrounded by six to twelve pinkish . Plate 468. Rhizanthella Gardneri - Dixon - Wiley Online Library Beginning in late May to early June, the plant produces up to 100 small, inward-facing pinkish to deep red and cream coloured flowers 45mm (0.160.20in) wide, surrounded by six to twelve pinkish-cream bracts. Credit: Chris J. Thorogood, Jeremy J. Bougoure et Simon J. Hiscock/Wikimedia, CC BY-SA, Swamp wallabies and long-nosed bandicoots may disperse the underground orchid seeds, but theyre locally extinct in WA. Your feedback is important to us. Unlike the capsules of other orchids that produce minute, dust-like seeds dispersed by the wind, this species produces indehiscent fruit. This plants physiology is awesome to say the least. Rhizanthella: Orchids unseen - Thorogood - 2019 - PLANTS, PEOPLE ScienceDaily. "Combining on-the-ground conservation efforts with cutting edge laboratory technologies has led to a great discovery with impacts for both science and conservation. Another is knowing how to grow it. Abstract. "The chloroplast genome was known to code for functions other than photosynthesis, but in normal plants, these functions are hard to study," said ARC Centre Director Professor Ian Small. He removed the top layers of the dry earth, and to his astonishment found these flowers in a really high density. This is the underground orchid, Rhizanthella, and its perhaps the strangest Australian orchid of them all. The head is surrounded by a large number of overlapping bracts and each flower has an erect, elongated bract at its base. Rogers and the eastern Rhizanthella slateri Rupp in 1928 and 1931, botanists have pondered the relationship between these elusive and enigmatic species. Speedy Robo-Gripper Reflexively Organizes What Made Us Human? Rhizanthella speciosa. Three quarters of a century later, I was involved in conserving the population of Rhizanthella in this location when the Bulahdelah bypass was built. Unfortunately, its extremely difficult to just grow it in a pot. The discovery generated such excitement that a wax model was toured around the British Isles. 2011 Rampant gene loss in the underground orchid Rhizanthella gardneri highlights evolutionary constraints on plastid genomes. %PDF-1.4
%
PDF UNDERGROUND ORCHID RHIZANTHELLA GARDNERI - Department of Parks and Wildlife Cladus: Monocots Rhizanthella gardneri - Wikipedia The inflorescence is a head of flowers held at, or just above the ground but mostly covered by soil or leaf litter and little is known about the mechanism of pollination. Whats the point of a showy flower if it remains hidden beneath the soils surface? [2][4][5] The Munglinup population is now regarded as the separate species, Rhizanthella johnstonii. We also know very little about the biology of Rhizanthella. endobj
Understanding the functions in the chloroplasts of Rhizanthella gardneri will provide scientists with valuable insights into this underground orchid of Western Australia as well as processes that are essential for plant life. If you ask someone to imagine an orchid, chances are pots of moth orchids lined up for sale in a hardware store will spring to mind, with their thick shiny leaves and vibrant petals. Fundulopanchax gardneri 'Aquarium Strain', Pair (1 : Dansfish: 04d 22h + 19.99 Aphyosemion elberti -NTUI- adults 1 pair : Rockymountainplecos: 05d 07h + No Bids: 35.00 Aphyosemion elberti -Batibo- ADL 13-22 group!!! Taxon Profile of Rhizanthella gardneri R.S.Rogers | Florabase Australia. The genome sequence is a very valuable resource, as it makes it possible to estimate the genetic diversity of this Declared Rare plant.". Dixon ( 2003 ) suggests that . This unusual orchid is critically endangered, with only fifty known plants in the wild, found in five locations in Western Australia. Rhizanthella gardneri, commonly known as western underground orchid, [2] is a species of flowering plant in the orchid family and is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. This discover has provided a significant step toward understanding the full purpose of chloroplasts in plant cells, and could help scientists understand the evolution and functions of other cell organelles. Read more: But Australias orchids are greater in number and stranger in form than many people realise. Current. 2019 Rhizanthella: Orchids unseen. Genus: Rhizanthella E. Delannoy, S. Fujii, C. C. des Francs, M. Brundrett, I. Neither your address nor the recipient's address will be used for any other purpose. So we set up infra-red cameras in Bulahdelah as part of the bypass project to find out what animals might disperse the seeds of the underground orchid. Oops! Critical habitat xWMoF#Y@^ HT]EN&="`]DIy3|fwt1c[n6e6=0 .4| ;Ar9g@=ded|:x|v\gS9-^N[U`dPIAR)!SIdy0_|5R!;iG J{}@TMd?_QEfRUv_yMB While the unusual life of this orchid certainly captures the imagination, it holds another secret, deep in its cells. Tripartite relationships are insanely cool, but many times, these three species dont align as they have slightly different niche requirements. For much of its life, an underground orchid exists in the soil as a small white rhizome (thickened underground stem). the Science X network is one of the largest online communities for science-minded people. technology (Tech Xplore) and medical research (Medical Xpress), U@#^
xx.D}IC+12=x>RJYD @lmgHwt1?APR lHbJ2eJqDg#\pV wGpM3Tnv[!f} E$Xv(zdgs p9f;?!M =%(
:)D!A%5E>?"zK~1#. Unfortunately, it's extremely difficult to just grow it in a pot. Western Australia's incredible underground orchid - ScienceDaily Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Identify the news topics you want to see and prioritize an order. (PDF) Rhizanthella : Orchids unseen - ResearchGate In 1931, another underground orchid was discovered in eastern Australia at Bulahdelah in NSW by an orchid hunter who was digging up a hyacinth orchid and found an unusual plant tangled in its roots. Your submission has been received! For general feedback, use the public comments section below (please adhere to guidelines). Rock orchids, fairy orchids, butterfly orchids, leek orchids and even onion orchids all look more or less the same. Delannoy et al. [6] The fungus involved is thought to be Thanatephorus gardneri. Interestingly,Rhizanthella gardneri is still receiving sugars from a specific plant, but this time it is indirectly doing so. In the early spring of 1928, an Australian farmer named Jack Trott was plowing his land in preparation for the upcoming growing season. Sweet nectar! These showy sexual organs this widely successful plant lineage produce, entice a diverse array of pollinators to come and suck the sweet sugary solution these plants synthesize. But heres what we do know. Accessed: 2021 Jul 9. But here's what we do know. Flowers are like billboards that say, Look here! An important first step is to find more populations of underground orchids to help us learn more about them. The next confirmed sighting was by John McGuiness near Munglinup in 1979, of plants in their natural habitat. When it flowers, it remains hidden under leaf litter and soil close to the surface, its petals think and pink, its flower head a little larger than a 50 cent coin. Govaerts, R. et al. In 1981 and 1982, surveys in the Munglinup area located more than one hundred flowering specimens. 2 0 obj
Professor Brundrett has been working with the Department of Environment and Conservation and volunteers from the West Australian Native Orchid Study and Conservation Group to locate these unique orchids. Rhizanthella: Orchids unseen - Thorogood - Wiley Online Library And most recently, in September, I confirmed an entirely new species of underground orchid, named Rhizanthella speciosa, after science illustrator Maree Elliott first stumbled upon it four years ago in Barrington Tops National Park, NSW. Rhizanthella gardneri is a cute, quirky and critically endangered orchid that lives all its life underground. Rock orchids, fairy orchids, butterfly orchids, leek orchids and even onion orchids all look more or less the same. Our Lowest Prices of the Year are defined as the period between January 1 to December 31, 2022. This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. A single specimen of a small fly from the genus Megaselia, some small wasps and termites are the only observations of insects carrying pollinia of Rhizanthella.[4]. <>/XObject<>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 842.04] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>>
2021. Your email address is used only to let the recipient know who sent the email. [3][4][5][6], The inflorescence is a head containing many flowers and is held at, or just above ground level but the head is usually covered with leaf litter or soil. What about a small, pale tuber that spends its whole life underground, blooms underground and smells like vanilla? 1 0 obj
<<
/Creator (RHIZANTHELLA GARDNERI \(Public\) - Microsoft Word)
/CreationDate (D:20040913103857Z)
/Title (UNDERGROUND ORCHID \(RHIZANTHELLA GARDNERI\) Interim Recovery Plan)
/Author (Department of the Environment and Heritage)
/Producer (Acrobat PDFWriter 5.0 for Windows NT)
/ModDate (D:20040913104246+10'00')
>>
endobj
2 0 obj
[
/PDF /Text /ImageC /ImageI
]
endobj
3 0 obj
<<
/Pages 98 0 R
/Type /Catalog
/Metadata 99 0 R
>>
endobj
4 0 obj
<<
/Type /Page
/Parent 5 0 R
/Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F2 10 0 R >> /XObject 42 0 R /ProcSet 2 0 R >>
/Contents 43 0 R
>>
endobj
5 0 obj
<<
/Kids [ 4 0 R 44 0 R 49 0 R 52 0 R 55 0 R 58 0 R ]
/Count 6
/Type /Pages
/Parent 98 0 R
>>
endobj
6 0 obj
<<
/Type /Font
/Subtype /TrueType
/Name /F0
/BaseFont /TimesNewRoman
/FirstChar 32
/LastChar 255
/Widths [ 250 333 408 500 500 833 778 180 333 333 500 564 250 333 250 278 500
500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 278 564 564 564 444 921
722 667 667 722 611 556 722 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556
722 667 556 611 722 722 944 722 722 611 333 278 333 469 500 333
444 500 444 500 444 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 500
500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 444 480 200 480 541 778 500
778 333 500 444 1000 500 500 333 1000 556 333 889 778 611 778 778
333 333 444 444 350 500 1000 333 980 389 333 722 778 444 722 250
333 500 500 500 500 200 500 333 760 276 500 564 333 760 500 400
549 300 300 333 576 453 250 333 300 310 500 750 750 750 444 722
722 722 722 722 722 889 667 611 611 611 611 333 333 333 333 722
722 722 722 722 722 722 564 722 722 722 722 722 722 556 500 444
444 444 444 444 444 667 444 444 444 444 444 278 278 278 278 500
500 500 500 500 500 500 549 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 ]
/Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding
/FontDescriptor 7 0 R
>>
endobj
7 0 obj
<<
/Type /FontDescriptor
/FontName /TimesNewRoman
/Flags 34
/FontBBox [ -250 -216 1166 1000 ]
/MissingWidth 324
/StemV 73
/StemH 73
/ItalicAngle 0
/CapHeight 891
/XHeight 446
/Ascent 891
/Descent -216
/Leading 149
/MaxWidth 972
/AvgWidth 401
>>
endobj
8 0 obj
<<
/Type /Font
/Subtype /TrueType
/Name /F1
/BaseFont /TimesNewRoman,Bold
/FirstChar 32
/LastChar 255
/Widths [ 250 333 555 500 500 1000 833 278 333 333 500 570 250 333 250 278
500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 333 333 570 570 570 500
930 722 667 722 722 667 611 778 778 389 500 778 667 944 722 778
611 778 722 556 667 722 722 1000 722 722 667 333 278 333 581 500
333 500 556 444 556 444 333 500 556 278 333 556 278 833 556 500
556 556 444 389 333 556 500 722 500 500 444 394 220 394 520 778
500 778 333 500 500 1000 500 500 333 1000 556 333 1000 778 667 778
778 333 333 500 500 350 500 1000 333 1000 389 333 722 778 444 722
250 333 500 500 500 500 220 500 333 747 300 500 570 333 747 500
400 549 300 300 333 576 540 250 333 300 330 500 750 750 750 500
722 722 722 722 722 722 1000 722 667 667 667 667 389 389 389 389
722 722 778 778 778 778 778 570 778 722 722 722 722 722 611 556
500 500 500 500 500 500 722 444 444 444 444 444 278 278 278 278
500 556 500 500 500 500 500 549 500 556 556 556 556 500 556 500
]
/Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding
/FontDescriptor 9 0 R
>>
endobj
9 0 obj
<<
/Type /FontDescriptor
/FontName /TimesNewRoman,Bold
/Flags 16418
/FontBBox [ -250 -216 1182 1000 ]
/MissingWidth 328
/StemV 136
/StemH 136
/ItalicAngle 0
/CapHeight 891
/XHeight 446
/Ascent 891
/Descent -216
/Leading 149
/MaxWidth 985
/AvgWidth 427
>>
endobj
10 0 obj
<<
/Type /Font
/Subtype /TrueType
/Name /F2
/BaseFont /TimesNewRoman,BoldItalic
/FirstChar 32
/LastChar 255
/Widths [ 250 389 555 500 500 833 778 278 333 333 500 570 250 333 250 278 500
500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 333 333 570 570 570 500 832
667 667 667 722 667 667 722 778 389 500 667 611 889 722 722 611
722 667 556 611 722 667 889 667 611 611 333 278 333 570 500 333
500 500 444 500 444 333 500 556 278 278 500 278 778 556 500 500
500 389 389 278 556 444 667 500 444 389 348 220 348 570 778 500
778 333 500 500 1000 500 500 333 1000 556 333 944 778 611 778 778
333 333 500 500 350 500 1000 333 1000 389 333 722 778 389 611 250
389 500 500 500 500 220 500 333 747 266 500 606 333 747 500 400
549 300 300 333 576 500 250 333 300 300 500 750 750 750 500 667
667 667 667 667 667 944 667 667 667 667 667 389 389 389 389 722
722 722 722 722 722 722 570 722 722 722 722 722 611 611 500 500
500 500 500 500 500 722 444 444 444 444 444 278 278 278 278 500
556 500 500 500 500 500 549 500 556 556 556 556 444 500 444 ]
/Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding
/FontDescriptor 11 0 R
>>
endobj
11 0 obj
<<
/Type /FontDescriptor
/FontName /TimesNewRoman,BoldItalic
/Flags 16482
/FontBBox [ -250 -216 1181 1000 ]
/MissingWidth 328
/StemV 131
/StemH 131
/ItalicAngle -11
/CapHeight 891
/XHeight 446
/Ascent 891
/Descent -216
/Leading 149
/MaxWidth 984
/AvgWidth 412
>>
endobj
12 0 obj
<< /Length 13 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >>
stream
Waukesha Parade Video,
Oaks Christian Football Coach,
Can I Drink Chamomile Tea Before Colonoscopy,
Articles R