From its emergence as a distinct discipline, anthropology has been oriented toward ethics and social policy. In World War II, Tirman adds, the United States dropped two atomic bombs that killed tens of thousands of civilians, and it joined its allies in the carpet bombing of German and Japanese cities that also killed hundreds of thousands. Discretionary spending involves the money the president and Congress must decide how to spend each year and includes federal income tax dollars only. This $29 billion sum for each submarine during its lifetime could provide 5.8 million scholarships worth $5,000 each to low- and middle-income high school students to help them pay for college. Stalsburg, B. L. (2011). Turchik, J. Second, members of Congress fear being labeled weak on defense if they try to reduce the military budget or do not agree to new weapons systems requested by the Pentagon. List the types of problems that military veterans often face. Social Justice Issues After Ww2; Social Justice Issues After Ww2. Explain why war is best understood as a social phenomenon and why nations go to war. Drew, C. (2011, March 30). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. citing the Encyclopedia of Science and Religion, [full citation needed] defines the science wars as the discussions about the "way the sciences are related to or incarnated in culture, history . New York Times, p. A1. The attention just given to civilians should in no way obscure or minimize the fact that veterans are also casualties of war. The remaining several hundred refugees hid and were shot at for three days by US ground soldiers. Figure 16.3 International Military Spending, 2010. War and sacrifice in the post-9/11 era. The following are illustrative examples of contemporary issues. The war: A trillion can be cheap. US veterans: By the numbers. As historians and political scientists have often described, wars have a significant economic and political impact. Obamas defense cuts are a drop in the bucket. As this overview of the debate over military spending indicates, the military remains a hot topic more than two decades after the Cold War ended following the demise of the Soviet Union. Schools and Inequality Choices under fire: Moral dimensions of World War II. These deaths stemmed from bombs and other weapons that went astray, from orders by military and political leaders to drop millions upon millions of bombs on civilian areas, and sometimes from atrocities committed by US personnel. War can also change a nations political structure in obvious ways, as when the winning nation forces a new political system and leadership on the losing nation. The share saying that science and religion often conflict is up modestly from 55% in a 2009 Pew Research survey, while the share saying the two are mostly compatible has stayed the same at 38%. World War I again provides an interesting example of such changes. She also refused to display the American flag, saying, When I looked at the American flag, I used to see red, white, and blue. Retrieved from http://defensenewsstand.com/NewsStand-General/The-INSIDER-Free-Article/dod-new-nuclear-subs-will-cost-347-billion-to-acquire-operate/menu-id-720.html. Jobs, hobbies, friends, even parental obligations to young children fall by the wayside. First, war, terrorism, genocide, and other armed conflicts do continue. 119 words. War has significant impacts, but perhaps most of all on civilians and veterans. It would of course be a curious kind of "understanding" that had no implications for action, and this is perhaps especially true for the social sciences. Retrieved February 18, 2012, from http://servicewomen.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Rape-Sexual-Assault-and-Sexual-Harassment-in-the-Military.pdf. Indeed, the Marcums situation is far from rare among the families of the 2 million veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Rafter, N. H. (1990). The second period is 19391945, when World War II killed 55 million people. Our nations failure to meet their needs is shameful. The fiscal year 2013 defense budget: A report card. Tirman (2012, p. 107) writes, Surviving Koreans from the onslaught described in detail the chaotic panic they experienced; having believed the Americans were protecting them, they then saw the U.S. troops fire indiscriminately at men, women, and children at the scene. At the end of the three days, about four hundred civilians lay dead. A streamlined and more deliberate research program ensures better budgeting. One major problem in this research literature is that different studies use different definitions and measures of sexual assault. Use the reading about social institutions in India to identify two social science issues . Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-veterans-numbers/story?id=14928136#14928131. Betrayal in the Ranks. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Among those severely. War is a keystone problem, the eradication of which would make our other social problems much more tractable. Gender-related issues have risen over the past years as ideas like feminism and equality become mainstream topics. Other political and economic changes brought by war are less obvious. the families are worried about their loved ones Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew My Library Discovery Institutions Western Governors University Grand Canyon University This is a social problem. (2012, May 18). Why nations go to war: A sociology of military conflict. In Social Problems, Social Issues, Social Science, James D. Wright presents his research on some of the social issues that have most vexed America: homelessness, addiction, divorce, minimum wage, and gun control, among others. Washington rules: Americas path to permanent war. It is a tremendously important branch of research that examines what it means to be a social being, how individuals function together as organized groups and societies, and how they interact with each other on issues of common interest. Materialism. Outline both sides to the debate over the size of the US military budget. It's this ethical and moral dimension that, to a degree, sets apart the social sciences from the natural sciences. But not all civilians are affected equally. Lochhead, C. (2012, February 14). policy analysis role of social science was given impetus by the Progressive movement (which had roots in Wisconsin) at the turn of the century, which held that application of the scientific method to political problems could lead to more effective governmental performance. In M. D. Cavelty & V. Mauer (Eds. Arms trade: A major cause of suffering. As an economics writer wryly noted, So remember to take pride in American power, and remember that it comes at a very high price. In making this classic macroeconomics decision, the United States has much to learn from the wealthy nations of Europe. In terms of the risk of dying in war, then, the Mongolian wars were five times more deadly than World War II. A related problem is suicide. ORDER NOW FOR AN ORIGINAL PAPER ASSIGNMENT: SNHU Social Science Issues Assignment. Where do our income tax dollars go. Of these reported cases, only one-fifth went to trial, and only half of these defendants were convicted. Noting that the military budget today exceeds the average budget during the Cold War, they think military spending is far higher than it needs to be to ensure the nations defense with the Soviet Union no longer a threat. Those two weapons were tiny in both number and size compared to nuclear weapons today. First, it excludes several military-related costs such as veterans benefits and interest on the national debt from past military spending. Retrieved from http://www.thenation.com/blog/161378/around-globe-us-military-bases-generate-resentment-not-security. War also has impact beyond the consequences for civilians and veterans. Are we giant suckers? The suicide rate of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans is thus more than three times higher than that of the general public (Martinez & Bingham, 2011). Supporters of this role say the military has both protected and advanced the political and economic interests of the United States, while critics, as we have seen, charge that the military has been an instrument of imperialism. One of the many sad truisms of war is that its impact on a society is greatest when the war takes place within the societys boundaries. The minimum estimate almost matches the number of American deaths in all the other wars the United States has fought, and the maximum estimate greatly exceeds this number (see Table 16.2 US Participation in Major Wars). After World War II, the GI Bill helped millions of veterans to go to college and otherwise readjust to civilian life. Bikeshedding Bikeshedding is the tendency for groups to focus on solving trivial problems while neglecting larger problems. Retrieved from http://www.history.navy.mil/wars/foabroad.htm. Economic gangsters: Corruption, violence, and the poverty of nations. AlterNet. Drugs may have a significant effect on people's health and emotional issues because of addiction and changes they may have on an individual's behavior in society. Leitenberg, M. (2006). As its name implies, mandatory spending is required by various laws and includes such things as Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid, and interest payments on the national debt. The National Guard New York National Guard CC BY 2.0. Quality and affordable writing services. Do we care when civilians die in war? As a historian summarized this connection, By the end of the war, labors wartime mobilization and participation had increased its relative power within European societies. Compared to Europe, then, the United States has chosen guns over butter, leaving far less money for its social needs. A central part of US military strategy in Vietnam involved destroying rice fields and the rest of the countryside to make it difficult for the Vietcong forces to engage in guerrilla warfare. Because it took place in Iraq, many more Iraqis than Americans died or were wounded, and the war certainly affected Iraqi societyits infrastructure, economy, natural resources, and so forthfar more than it affected American society. Natural Science and Social Problems 117 government does not want it. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab. Second, the world today is a much more dangerous place than in the past because of the existence of nuclear weapons. Retrieved February 16, 2012, from http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_weapons_and_global_security/nuclear_weapons/technical_issues/nuclear-weapons-overview.html. Nations also go to war for ideological reasons: they have certain belief systems that lead them to hold prejudice and other hostile feelings toward nations with different belief systems. First, the human brain is far more advanced than the brains of other primates, and genetic instincts that might drive these primates behavior do not necessarily drive human behavior. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. The two atomic bombs dropped by the United States over Japan during World War II killed tens of thousands of civilians. This figure ranked the highest in the world and constituted almost 35 percent of all world arms exports. for the social science issues related to war, the first thing that comes to mind is the effect on the families. Dont blame the caveman. To do so, it routinely deployed chemical weapons such as Agent Orange (dioxin, a known carcinogen), napalm, and white phosphorous. Do you think the US military budget should be increased, be reduced, or stay about the same? Pinker, S. (2012). Racial and religious discrimination are the two significant social issues in America, Africa, and the world. You can order essays, annotated bibliography, discussion, research papers, reaction paper, article critique, coursework, projects, case . : an American History (Eric Foner) Psychology (David G. Myers; C. Nathan DeWall) Voices of Freedom (Eric Foner) Daedalus, 133(4), 2535. Unwarranted Influence: Dwight D. Eisenhower and the military-industrial complex. Time. Women in politics. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Many veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have also come back home with these problems. Around the globe, US military bases generate resentment, not security. The British Council found in a 2015 study that a majority of professional leaders were graduates of fields in the humanities and social sciences. Bess, M. (2008). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. However, other scientists dispute the evolutionary explanation for several reasons (Begley, 2009). Sometimes, as with the US entrance into World War II after Pearl Harbor, these decisions are sincere and based on a perceived necessity to defend a nations people and resources, and sometimes these decisions are based on cynicism and deceit (Solomon, 2006). War is a social phenomenon in which a mixture of motives underlies decisions to go to war. New York Times, p. A1. The Note 16.13 Children and Our Future box discusses this problem in greater detail. The primary mode of research involved survey questionnaires given anonymously to samples, many of them random, of military members. Retrieved February 20, 2012, from http://www.cfr.org/defense-policy-and-budget/slashing-americas-defense-suicidal-trajectory/p26989. Washington, DC: Center for International Policy. Americans are hurt, he warned, when the defense budget squanders money that could be used to repair schools or to guarantee universal health care (Arias, 1999, p. A19). (2012). Table 16.2 US Participation in Major Wars. (2009). Federal spending includes both mandatory and discretionary spending. This issue may impact . APA 950 words Get instant access to the full solution from by clicking the purchase button below $12.00 Added to cart Related Questions: Watch this clip from the popular TV show Adam Ruins Everything titled The Secret Reason Weed is Illegal . Bombs containing napalm made by Dow Chemical were routinely used by the US military and its South Vietnamese allies during the Vietnam War to defoliate the countryside and to attack various targets. He applauds the Korean and Vietnam memorials in Washington, but he laments that neither mentions the people of those countries who perished in the conflicts (Tirman, 2012, p. B01). Describe some of the factors that have influenced this social institution in India. Some 59% of Americans say science and religion are often in conflict, while 38% say the two are mostly compatible. Families go through savings and older parents dip into retirement funds (Einhorn, 2011, p. A12). Partial justice: Women, prisons, and social control. Stopping Americas most lethal export. History shows that when these resources become too scarce within a society, that society is more likely to go to war to wrest these resources from another society (Gleditsch & Theisen, 2010). One veteran recalled being gang raped by her drill sergeant and four other soldiers, who then broke several bones in her body and urinated on her. vanden Heuvel, K. (2011, June 13). The samples are almost entirely of women, given their higher risk of being sexually assaulted. Martinez, L., & Bingham, A. The Methodology of the Social Sciences (Max Weber) Rich Dad, Poor Dad (Robert T. Kiyosaki) Interpersonal Communication (Kory Floyd) Principles of Environmental Science (William P. Cunningham; Mary Ann Cunningham) Give Me Liberty! His bodys here, but his mind is not here anymore. A key focus of their concern was the use of napalm. Describe some of the factors that have influenced this social institution in India. Social studies represent integrated and systematic study of several areas of social science/ humanities, among which economics, civics, history, geography, culture, sociology, political science, archaeology, law, philosophy, religion, etc. They say the United States could safely decrease its nuclear and conventional weapons arsenals without at all endangering national security. Evidence from a national survey of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans underscores the problems they face (Pew Research Center, 2011). Answer preview to identify two social science issues related to war. A kid walked up to me and said, Your dads a baby killer. I didnt handle that well. That is the good news and the cause for hope. Holland, J. Fourth, military waste in the form of cost overruns from poor accounting and other management failures is rampant. Although war is a social phenomenon arising from decisions of political and military officials, other phenomena can make it more likely that these officials will decide to go to war. This diversion of funds is unfortunate, but it might still be necessary if the high level of US military spending is needed to ensure the nations security. We need to confront them to ensure equal treatment for everyone. Retrieved from http://www.denverpost.com/Stories/0,0,36%257E30137%257E,00.html. In contrast, the United States spends 5.1 percent of its economy on its base military budget, which does not include costs for veterans benefits, for the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, and military spending that falls outside the Pentagons budget. (2011). As wars end, young veterans return to scant jobs. The APSA acknowledged dissatisfaction after analyzing a 1998 survey of members and ex-members. When it comes to our wars overseas, he adds, concern for the victims is limited to U.S. troops.. The U.S. military does not need or want all officers to become social scientist researchers, but applied social science can nevertheless help develop strategic thinking because it: (1) focuses on human behavior and influence; (2) develops comfort with competing theories; (3) requires creativity; and (4) uses evidence and iteration to better . This fear can take a psychological toll on all members of these families, but perhaps especially on children. We both wound up suspended for that one (Ashton, 2011). Statistical abstract of the United States: 2012. What do you think is the worst problem that veterans have faced in returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan? and environmental protection. Choose one of the five social institutions. (2011). Nuclear weapons overview. The nation rightly grieved these deaths when they occurred and built monuments, such as the Korean and Vietnam veterans memorials in Washington, DC, that list the names of the dead. Open Document. Choose one of the five social institutions. Their poverty forced many of these women to turn to prostitution to earn an income, resulting in a rise in prostitution after the war (Rafter, 1990). Image courtesy of Sgt. World War II had a direct influence on the social justice movements after the war and even today. (2012, February 18). Some 400,000 tons of napalm were used altogether. Herdy, A., & Moffeit, M. (2004). A., & Wilson, S. M. (2010). Although this is almost an unimaginable number, there is cause for some hope, even as there is also cause for despair. Choose one of the five social institutions. But he also notes that the Korean and Vietnam wars included many atrocities committed by American troops against civilians. Perhaps worse, the United States ranks last among the worlds twenty wealthiest democracies in life expectancy and infant mortality and also ranks worst in the risk of dying before age 60. When sexual assaults and sexual harassment are added to the crimes mentioned to respondents, between 22 percent and 84 percent of women report being raped, sexually assaulted, and/or sexually harassed while serving. Speier, J. Before the war, violent labor strikes were common in Britain and other European nations. Racism and Religion Discrimination. ), The Routledge handbook of security studies (pp. They add that the exports often go to nations ruled by dictators, who then use them to threaten their own people (Feinstein, 2011; Shah, 2011). The war within: Americas battle over Vietnam. (2012, January 8). Looking after the soldier, back home and damaged. This change is widely credited with helping spur the hopes of southern African Americans that racial desegregation would someday occur in their hometowns (McKeeby, 2008). Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15, 267277. Given the dynamic nature of gang-related violence today, we aim to include empirical and theoretical research . About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. Ledbetter, J. Instances of use of United States forces abroad, 17981993. Reid Kasprowicz A Flag for the Fallen CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. England, G. (2012, February 5). If warlike tendencies were part of human genetic heritage, these convictions would not exist. Begley, S. (2009, June 29). Additional Topics Climate change is one of the most devastating problems the world has ever faced. If this high rate had held true during the twentieth century, 2 billion people would have died in twentieth-century wars rather than the 100 million who did die (Pinker, 2012). These more basic causes of war include population change and environmental change. The psychological effect of war on veterans and their families We have textbook solutions for you! Retrieved from http://fcnl.org/assets/flyer/taxchart11.pdf. McGovern, G. (2011). Between 1861 and 1865, at least 618,000 and perhaps as many as 750,000 soldiers in both the Union and the Confederacy died on the battlefield or from disease. Pollin, R., & Garrett-Peltier, H. (2011). April missed the man she used to know: The biggest loss is the loss of the man I married. As a result, observes one economics writer, most Europeans have universal health care, deeply subsidized education (including free university tuition in many countries), modern infrastructure, good mass transit, and far less poverty than the United States has. Social Sciences Brown sociologist weighs in on tensions at the Russia-Ukraine border Professor of Sociology Michael D. Kennedy provided historical background on Russia's relationship with Ukraine and explained how the current crisis could unleash major conflicts across the globe. The 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, in which Congress authorized President Lyndon Johnson to wage an undeclared war in Vietnam, was passed after North Vietnamese torpedo boats allegedly attacked US ships. In making this very important decision, Europe has chosen butter over guns. San Francisco Chronicle, p. A6. With the Covid-19 pandemic, 2020 brought the Black Lives Matter protest in the limelight. Tirman describes one Korean incident in which machine gun fire from US warplanes killed about one hundred civilian refugees who were resting on a road. New York, NY: Vintage Books. Women veterans face a special problem that most male veterans do not have to fear. The sociology of war is a subfield of sociology that focuses on the macro-level patterns of war making, how societies engage in warfare, the meaning that war has in society, and the relationship between state structure and war making. Wells, T. (1994). The idea is not newin the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars it was articulated, for example, by Tolstoy in the concluding chapter of War and Peace (1865-69). Public, private organizations work to help thousands of homeless veterans in NY. Victims of military rape deserve justice. Retrieved from http://www.defense.gov/news/casualty.pdf (accessed February 16, 2012); Martinez, L. (2011, November 11). Retrieved February 16, 2012, from http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/nukes/nuclearweapons/nukestatus.html. Reflecting on these findings, an author of the study said, Its really time to focus on the children that are left behind (Ashton, 2011). New York Times, p. WK3. ABC News. Chapter 1 / Exercise 3 John Tirman, director of the Center for International Studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, worries that Americans have neglected the civilian victims of war. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. Most arms exports from the United States and other exporters go to developing nations. . occasionally drawing knowledge from natural sciences, math and other studies. Korb, L. J., Rothman, A., & Hoffman, M. (2012). In Vietnam, Tirman writes, American troops and planes routinely razed villages to the ground, killing villagers indiscriminately, and then evacuated any survivors.
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