The Spanish colonization of the Americas began in 1493 on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola after the initial 1492 voyage of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus under license from the Queen Isabella I of Castile. Judges (oidores) held "formidable power. He became deeply indebted to the German Welser and Fugger banking families. The spectacular conquests of central Mexico (151921) and Peru (1532) sparked Spaniards' hopes of finding yet another high civilization. The Spanish had mixed-race children in the Americas with enslaved Africans and Native Americans. Spaniards also imported citrus trees, establishing orchards of oranges, lemons, and limes, and grapefruit. The individual leaders of expeditions assumed the expenses of the venture and in return received as reward the grant from the government of the conquered territories;[69] and in addition, they received instructions about treating the indigenous peoples. However, the name was typically used to refer to the peninsula itself as well as the Gulf Coast, Georgia, Carolina, and southern Virginia. Showing the indigenous sides are Xicotencatl, a leader of the Spaniards' Tlaxcalan allies, and Aztec emperors Moctezuma II and Cuitlahuac. 84-85. Terraciano, Kevin. [citation needed] The overwhelming cause of the decline in both Mexico and Peru was infectious diseases, such as smallpox and measles,[136] although the brutality of the Encomienda also played a significant part in the population decline. Held in the Colegio de San Gregorio, in the Spanish city of Valladolid, it was a moral and theological debate about the colonization of the Americas, its justification for the conversion to Catholicism and more specifically about the relations between the European settlers and the natives of the New World. Horses that escaped Spanish control were captured by indigenous; many indigenous also raided for horses. [29], Between 1537 and 1543, six[citation needed] Spanish expeditions entered highland Colombia, conquered the Muisca Confederation, and set up the New Kingdom of Granada (Spanish: Nuevo Reino de Granada). [108] Although constituted as the highest judicial authority in their territorial jurisdiction, they also had executive and legislative authority, and served as the executive on an interim basis. A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies. So, the correct options that match the statements quoted above are A and B. [106] Until the eighteenth century, there were just two viceroyalties, with the Viceroyalty of New Spain (founded 1535) administering North America, a portion of the Caribbean, and the Philippines, and the viceroyalty of Peru (founded 1542) having jurisdiction over Spanish South America. [132] The crown expelled the Jesuits from Spain and The Indies in 1767 during the Bourbon Reforms. Spaniards established a network of settlements in areas they conquered and controlled. The United States took occupation of Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. Columbus had promised the crown that the region he now controlled held a huge treasure in the form of gold and spices. The royal official in charge of a district was the Corregidor, who was appointed by the viceroy, usually for a five-year term. Queen Isabel was the first monarch that laid the first stone for the protection of the indigenous peoples in her testament in which the Catholic monarch prohibited the enslavement of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Direct link to jonathand0412's post Why did the Spanish choos, Posted 3 years ago. The ideas from the French and the American Revolution influenced the efforts. Bartolom de Las Casas was a prolific writer. Denial of atrocities against indigenous peoples - Wikipedia Effective Spanish settlement began in 1493, when Columbus brought livestock, seeds, agricultural equipment. However, those regions that had been colonized by the French or Spanish would retain national characteristics that linger to this day. Residences of the officials and elites were closest to the main square. Spanish explorations of other islands in the Caribbean and what turned out to be the mainland of South and Central America occupied them for over two decades. [37] Exploration from Peru resulted in the foundation of Tucumn in what is now northwest Argentina. He strongly influenced the formulation of colonial policy under the Catholic Monarchs, and was instrumental in establishing the Casa de Contratacin (House of Trade) (1503), which enabled crown control over trade and immigration. "[110], Their main function was judicial, as a court of justice of second instance court of appeal in penal and civil matters, but also the Audiencias were courts the first instance in the city where it had its headquarters, and also in the cases involving the Royal Treasury. Don Martn was sent into exile, while other conspirators were executed. These were often led by secondary leaders, such as Pedro de Alvarado. 15001850), Learn how and when to remove this template message, Timeline of imperialism Colonization of North America, Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, "Interacciones entre espaoles de Chilo y Chonos en los siglos XVII y XVIII: Pedro y Francisco Delco, Ignacio y Cristbal Talcapilln y Martn Olleta", "Spain, the United States & the American Frontier: Historias Paralelas", "Where the Landing of the First Africans in English North America Really Fits in the History of Slavery", "The Record of Ponce de Leon's Discovery of Florida, 1513", "The Historiography of Sixteenth-Century La Florida", "Background | the Last Conquistador | POV | PBS", Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 1996, "Su Majestad quiere gobernar: la Administracin espaola en Indias durante los siglos XVI y XVII", "Las instituciones polticas en la regin de Cuyo", "Genocide and the Hispanic-American Dilemma", "Pope asks forgiveness for errors of the Church", "El gobierno y la imagen de la Monarqua Hispnica en los viajeros de los siglos XVI y XVII. During the early Age of Discovery, the diocesan clergy in Spain was poorly educated and considered of a low moral standing, and the Catholic Monarchs were reluctant to allow them to spearhead evangelization. His fall from power is viewed as an example of the weakening of the crown in the mid-seventeenth century since it failed to protect their duly appointed bishop. Viceroys served as the vice-patron of the Catholic Church, including the Inquisition, established in the seats of the viceroyalties (Mexico City and Lima). Since their appointments were for life or the pleasure of the monarch, they had a continuity of power and authority that viceroys and captains-general lacked because of their shorter-term appointments. Please help this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Melville, Elinor G.K. A Plague of Sheep: Environmental Consequences of the Conquest of Mexico. In the 1480s, Pope Sixtus IV had granted Portugal the right to all land south of the Cape Verde islands, leading the Portuguese king to claim that the lands discovered by Columbus belonged to Portugal, not Spain. For the Spaniards Tlaxcalan allies, their crucial support gained them enduring political legacy into the modern era, the Mexican state of Tlaxcala.[23][24]. [98][99] The history of the Guaran has also been the subject of a recent study. Why didn't the spanish just leave the natives alone after the natives killed the men? A labor system in which the Spanish crown authorized Spaniards, known as encomenderos, to enslave native people to farm and mine in the Americas. England's colonization of North America differed from that of its European rivals. [135], Native populations declined significantly during the period of Spanish expansion. Even by the mid-1510s, the western Caribbean was largely unexplored by Spaniards. [141][142][143] In Mexico, the labor force had to be lured from elsewhere in the colony, and was not based on traditional systems of rotary labor. The leader of an expedition, the adelantado was a senior with material wealth and standing who could persuade the crown to issue him a license for an expedition. In Mexico during the sixteenth-century Chichimec War guarded the transit of silver from the mines of Zacatecas to Mexico City. Dressing, J. David. Spanish explorers with hopes of conquest in the New World were known as, Hoping to gain power over the city, Corts took, Following his defeat, Corts slowly created alliances and recruited tens of thousands of native peoples who resented Aztec rule. [6] 1493: Columbus arrives in Puerto Rico. Central America - The Spanish conquest | Britannica During the early era and under the Habsburgs, the crown established a regional layer of colonial jurisdiction in the institution of Corregimiento, which was between the Audiencia and town councils. 87-88. The vast majority of the decline happened after the Spanish period, during the Mexican and US periods of Californian history (18211910), with the most dramatic collapse (200,000 to 25,000) occurring in the US period (18461910). There were a variable number of councilors (regidores), depending on the size of the town, also two municipal judges (alcaldes menores), who were judges of first instance, and also other officials as police chief, inspector of supplies, court clerk, and a public herald. More spanish blood equaled more power. [73] The office of captain general involved to be the supreme military chief of the whole territory and he was responsible for recruiting and providing troops, the fortification of the territory, the supply and the shipbuilding. I believe the caste system in new spain decided who got certain rights and not. But the indigenous allies had much to gain by throwing off Aztec rule. Spain sought similar wealth, and authorized Columbus's voyage sailing west. The utter devastation caused by the white man was literally incredible, and not until the population figures are examined does the extent of the havoc become evident. The officials of the royal treasury at each level of government typically included two to four positions: a tesorero (treasurer), the senior official who guarded money on hand and made payments; a contador (accountant or comptroller), who recorded income and payments, maintained records, and interpreted royal instructions; a factor, who guarded weapons and supplies belonging to the king, and disposed of tribute collected in the province; and a veedor (overseer), who was responsible for contacts with native inhabitants of the province, and collected the king's share of any war booty. The lack of Gold and the Natives' sophistication. 142-43. - New Mexico is established as a Spanish Colony.-Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Len explored Florida. Virtually all expeditions after the Columbus voyages, which were funded by the crown of Castile, were done at the expense of the leader of the expedition and its participants. Figure 1. Each order set up networks of parishes in the various regions (provinces), sited in existing indigenous settlements, where Christian churches were built and where evangelization of the indigenous was based. Therefore, the mountains were a they acted as a barrier to further settlement to the west. The rural regions remained highly indigenous, with little interface between the large numbers of indigenous and the small numbers of the Repblica de Espaoles, which included Blacks and mixed-race castas. As with many other royal posts, these positions were sold, starting in 1677. Illness played a much greater role in the citys downfall than violence. How do we know that? Later conquests in Mexico were protracted campaigns with less immediate results than the conquest of the Aztec Empire. They forbade the maltreatment of natives, and endorsed the forced resettlement of indigenous populations with attempts of conversion to Catholicism. Although often the participants, conquistadors, are now termed soldiers, they were not paid soldiers in ranks of an army, but rather soldiers of fortune, who joined an expedition with the expectation of profiting from it. [111] Besides court of justice, the Audiencias had functions of government as counterweight the authority of the viceroys, since they could communicate with both the Council of the Indies and the king without the requirement of requesting authorization from the viceroy. The Spanish conquest of Yucatn, the Spanish conquest of Guatemala, the conquest of the Purpecha of Michoacan, the war of Mexico's west, and the Chichimeca War in northern Mexico expanded Spanish control over territory and indigenous populations stretching thousands of miles. Las Casas spent his long life attempting to defend the indigenous populations and to enlist the Spanish crown in establishing protections for them, seen most prominently in the enactment of the New Laws of 1542, restricting Spaniards' inheritance of encomiendas. In 1809 the first declarations of independence from Spanish rule occurred in the Viceroyalty of Peru. They were predominantly criollos (Americas-born people of European ancestry, mostly Spanish or Portuguese), bourgeois and influenced by liberalism and in some cases with military training in the mother country. "Peace by purchase" ended the conflict. [133][134] When the formal institution of the Inquisition was established in 1571, indigenous peoples were excluded from its jurisdiction on the grounds that they were neophytes, new converts, and not capable of understanding religious doctrine. Religion played an important role in the Spanish conquest and incorporation of indigenous peoples, bringing them into the Catholic Church peacefully or by force. The conquistadors originally organized it as a captaincy general within the Viceroyalty of Peru. [166], For the independence era, the 2016 Bolivian-made film made about Mestiza independence leader Juana Azurduy de Padilla is part of the recent recognition of her role in the independence of Argentina and Bolivia.[167]. The crown of Castile financed more of his trans-Atlantic journeys, a pattern they would not repeat elsewhere. ", Weber, David J. As the indigenous populations declined, the need for corregimiento decreased and then suppressed, with the alcalda mayor remaining an institution until it was replaced in the eighteenth-century Bourbon Reforms by royal officials, Intendants. Hello everyone can someone help me check my answers?? Settled from the south were Buenos Aires (1536, 1580); Asuncin (1537); Potos (1545); La Paz, Bolivia (1548); and Tucumn (1553). It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting to subdue the mightiest empire in the Americas. The Conquest of Michoacn: The Spanish Domination of the Tarascan Kingdom in Western Mexico, 15211530. 10 Facts About the Spanish Conquistadors - ThoughtCo According to the French historian Jean Dumont The Valladolid debate was a major turning point in world history In that moment in Spain appeared the dawn of the human rights. The crown was open to limiting the inheritance of encomiendas in perpetuity as a way to extinguish the coalescence of a group of Spaniards impinging on royal power. Lesson summary: The Spanish empire (article) | Khan Academy Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Identify the locations where slaves were most frequently sent after being transported to the New World on the Middle Passage., Identify the issue that was not a point of contention between colonial assemblies and their respective royal governors., On the table below, click or tap to identify the first colony to have a black . [8][9] For the conquest era, two names of Spaniards are generally known because they led the conquests of high indigenous civilizations, Hernn Corts, leader of the expedition that conquered the Aztecs of Central Mexico, and Francisco Pizarro, leader of the conquest of the Inca in Peru. Q1: Option B. St. Augustine was the name of the first Spanish colonial settlement in Florida. [89] In Mexico, the crown established the General Indian Court (Juzgado General de Indios), which heard disputes affecting individual indigenous as well as indigenous communities. Cattle multiplied quickly in areas where little else could turn a profit for Spaniards, including northern Mexico and the Argentine pampas. [10] Viceroyalties were the largest territory unit of administration in the civil and religious spheres and the boundaries of civil and ecclesiastical governance coincided by design, to ensure crown control over both bureaucracies. [109] They were the "center of the administrative system [and] gave the government of the Indies a strong basis of permanence and continuity. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Direct link to David Alexander's post The Central African Empir, Posted 3 years ago. The Biological Exchange, also called the Columbian Exchange, was a global transfer of plants, such as Native American corn and potatoes, and animals, such as European horses, that revolutionized agriculture and hunting in both Europe and the Americas. The Spanish Colonization owned the western part of north america and was later deafeted which lead to the mannifest destiny patriotism that is America . The era of Imperialism is characterized by the "colonization of Americans" from the 15th to 19th centuries, and also the expansion of Japan, Europe, and the United States powers during the end of the 19th century and starting of the 20th century. Although there were restrictions of appointees' ties to local elite society and participation in the local economy, they acquired dispensations from the cash-strapped crown. The Central African Empire was a short-lived and self-proclaimed "imperial" one-party state ruled by an absolute monarch that replaced the Central African Republic. In Mexico, conquistadors found great golden treasures, including great discs of gold, masks, jewelry, and even gold dust and bars. [96][97] For the Andean area, there are an increasing number of publications as well. MacIas, Rosario Marquez; Macas, Rosario Mrquez (1995). Image credit: Map of de Coronado's route through Mexico and the Southwest of the modern United States. parliament), administrative or ecclesiastical institution, or seigneurial group. Hispanic American Historical Review 50.4 (1970): 645-664. Neither was effective in its purpose. 1500-1533) fill up a large room once with gold and twice with silver in exchange for his freedom. [54], The Columbian Exchange was as significant as the clash of civilizations. The other was the presence or absence of an exploitable resource for the enrichment of settlers. They pursued a policy of joint rule of their kingdoms and created the initial stage of a single Spanish monarchy, completed under the eighteenth-century Bourbon monarchs. The Chichimeca in northern Mexico, the Comanche in the northern Great Plains and the Mapuche in southern Chile and the pampas of Argentina resisted Spanish conquest. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following was a primary feature of social relations established in the Spanish colonies in the Western Hemisphere?, In their colonization of the Americas, the Spanish used the encomienda system to, Which of the following statements about the population of North America at the time of Christopher Columbus' voyages is . [123], As the empire expanded into areas of less dense indigenous populations, the crown created a chain of presidios, military forts or garrisons, that provided Spanish settlers protection from Indian attacks. Chocolate and vanilla were cultivated in Mexico and exported to Europe. Respect was out of the question then, as now, when people of one race consider themselves to be superior to people of other races. These began a movement for colonial independence that spread to Spain's other colonies in the Americas. [citation needed]. Columbuss colonization of the Atlantic islands inaugurated an era of aggressive Spanish expansion across the Atlantic. Hoping to salvage Portugals holdings, King Joo II negotiated a treaty with Spain. Corregimiento expanded "royal authority from the urban centers into the countryside and over the indigenous population. During the Bourbon Reforms in the mid-eighteenth century, the crown systematically sought to centralize power in its own hands and diminish that of its overseas possessions, appointing peninsular-born Spaniards to Audiencias. AMH2010 InQuizitive Chapter 1 Flashcards | Quizlet [79], The Valladolid debate (15501551) was the first moral debate in European history to discuss the rights and treatment of a colonized people by colonizers. Bartolome de Las Casas | Biography, Books, Quotes, Significance [citation needed]. The Significance of Spanish Colonial Missions in our National Story and [48] The crown later sent him to Asuncin, Paraguay to be adelantado there. In areas of dense, stratified indigenous populations, especially Mesoamerica and the Andean region, Spanish conquerors awarded perpetual private grants of labor and tribute to particular indigenous settlements, in encomienda they were in a privileged position to accumulate private wealth. Other imports were figs, apricots, cherries, pears, and peaches among others. history of Latin America, history of the region from the pre-Columbian period and including colonization by the Spanish and Portuguese beginning in the 15th century, the 19th-century wars of independence, and developments to the end of the 20th century. The two powers vied for domination through the acquisition of new lands. Francisco de Ibarra led an expedition from Zacatecas in northern New Spain, and founded Durango. According to Cook, the indigenous Californian population at first contact, in 1769, was about 310,000 and had dropped to 25,000 by 1910. In Peru, the Cerro Rico's ore was processed from the local mercury mine of Huancavelica, while in Mexico mercury was imported from the Almadn mercury mine in Spain. As the colonial economy became more diversified and less dependent on these mechanisms for the accumulation of wealth, the indigenous noblemen became less important for the economy. [70], After the end of the period of conquests, it was necessary to manage extensive and different territories with a strong bureaucracy. Invasion of the American continents and incorporation into the Spanish Empire, "Conquista" redirects here. In Mexico, refining took place in haciendas de minas, where silver ore was refined into pure silver by amalgamation with mercury in what was known as the patio process. The image of mounted Araucanians capturing and carrying off white women was the embodiment of Spanish ideas of civilization and barbarism. In Hispaniola, the indigenous Tano pre-contact population before the arrival of Columbus of several hundred thousand had declined to sixty thousand by 1509. The Spanish did not find any gold in the Americas, but they did establish large plantations B. i think those dresses look horrid on toughs poor little girls. Unlike Spanish expansion in the Caribbean, which involved limited armed combat and sometimes the participation of indigenous allies, the conquest of central Mexico was protracted and necessitated indigenous allies who chose to participate for their own purposes. The Nahuas after the Conquest. [63] Ecclesiastics also functioned as administrators overseas in the early Caribbean period, particularly Frey Nicols de Ovando, who was sent to investigate the administration of Francisco de Bobadilla, the governor appointed to succeed Christopher Columbus. In 1821 Treaty of Crdoba established Mexican independence from Spain and concluded the War. [62], The impossibility of the physical presence of the monarch and the necessity of strong royal governance in The Indies resulted in the appointment of viceroys ("vice-kings"), the direct representation of the monarch, in both civil and ecclesiastical spheres. The Spanish expansion has sometimes been succinctly summed up as being motivated by "gold, glory, God," that is, the search for material wealth, the enhancement of the conquerors' and the crown's position, and the expansion of Christianity to the exclusion of other religious traditions. The film starred Robert De Niro, Jeremy Irons, and Liam Neeson and It won an Academy Award. The colonies grew both geographically along the Atlantic coast and westward and numerically to 13 from the time of their founding to the American Revolution (1775-81). Spanish explorers with hopes of conquest in the New World were known as conquistadores. Which statements accurately describe the culture or geography - Brainly Once the Aztec Empire was toppled, they founded Mexico City on the ruins of the Aztec capital. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Select the correct answer. However, noblemen became defenders of the rights to land and water controlled by their communities. Another failed attempt was conducted by Lucas Vzquez de Aylln, who set out with approximately 500 colonists and established the settlement of San Miguel de Gualdape in modern-day South Carolina in 1526.[44]. [140] In the Andes, Viceroy Francisco de Toledo revived the indigenous rotary labor system of the mita to supply labor for silver mining. . [130] I: Crowds and social movements have lasting and more significant effects and last for a longer period of time than fads and fashions. Europeans imported enslaved Africans to the early Caribbean settlements to replace indigenous labor and enslaved and free Africans were part of colonial-era populations. A drawing depicting Malintzin translating for Cortez and Aztes. The protection of the indigenous populations from enslavement and exploitation by Spanish settlers were established in the Laws of Burgos, 15121513. The end of the Habsburg dynasty in 1700 saw major administrative reforms in the eighteenth century under the Bourbon monarchy, starting with the first Spanish Bourbon monarch, Philip V (r. 17001746) and reaching its apogee under Charles III (r. 17591788). Ovando fitted out Magellan's voyage of circumnavigation, and became the first President of the Council of the Indies in 1524. Which statement accurately describes Spanish colonization in the New World A. [100], In 2000, Pope John Paul II apologized for the wrongs done by the Catholic Church, including those to indigenous peoples. These could be sold in markets and thereby converted to cash. Although Spaniards had hoped to find vast quantities of gold, the discovery of large quantities of silver became the motor of the Spanish colonial economy, a major source of income for the Spanish crown, and transformed the international economy. That was of enslaved Africans. Timeline showing some of the major events and the earliest European colonies in North America. Important ones include Santiago de Guatemala (1524); Puebla (1531); Quertaro (ca. The structure of the hierarchy was in many ways parallel to that of civil governance. Although their primary focus was on religious conversion, missionaries served as "diplomatic agents, peace emissaries to hostile tribes and they were also expected to hold the line against nomadic nonmissionary Indians as well as other European powers. Q4 . [83] These elites played an intermediary role between the Spanish rulers and indigenous commoners. The Taino population on Hispaniola went from hundreds of thousands or millions the estimates by scholars vary widely but in the mid-1490s, they were practically wiped out. [Chile] has four months of winter, no more, and in them, except when there is a quarter moon, when it rains one or two days, all the other days have such a beautiful sunshine Chile was explored by Spaniards based in Peru, where Spaniards found the fertile soil and mild climate attractive. Direct link to Batuhan #BringBackBackgrounds's post The monarchy took most of, Posted 2 years ago. After several attempts to set up independent states in the 1810s, the kingdom and the viceroyalty ceased to exist altogether in 1819 with the establishment of Gran Colombia. Records of the conquest of central Mexico include accounts by the expedition leader Hernn Corts, Bernal Daz del Castillo and other Spanish conquistadors, indigenous allies from the city-states altepetl of Tlaxcala, Texcoco, and Huexotzinco. American colonies | Facts, History, and Definition | Britannica This is most clearly seen in conquest of Mexico with the alliance of the Nahua city-state of Tlaxcala against the Aztec Empire resulting in lasting benefits to themselves and their descendants. - The Pueblo Revolt occurs in 1680. the stock market crash of 1929 caused the great depression. The conquest of central Mexico sparked further Spanish conquests, following the pattern of conquered and consolidated regions being the launching point for further expeditions. [161], The Mission was a 1996 film idealizing a Jesuit mission to the Guaran in the territory disputed between Spain and Portugal.
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