Rival dynasties and revolutions led to the eventual disunion of the Muslim world. If you lived in the Islamic empire, and were not Muslim, what did you have to do? Fortunately the community immediately chose the Prophet's close companion and father-in-Law Abu Bakr, as his successor. 600 - 1450 Regional and interregional interactions. The Rashidun caliphate was also not dynastic, meaning that political leadership was not transferred through hereditary lineage. [38] Image credit: Before the Umayyads, Islamic rule was non-centralized. The first complete translation of the Qur'an into Persian occurred during the reign of Samanids in the 9th century. This is not necessarily through conquest or conversion, but mostly through current demographics. There are accounts of the trade connections between the Muslims and the Rus, apparently Vikings who made their way towards the Black Sea through Central Russia. The Muslim prisoner was brought[by whom?] [50] In the coming centuries, relatively large parts of the Caucasus became Muslim, while the larger swaths of it would still remain pagan (paganism branches such as the Circassian Habze) as well as Christian (notably Armenia and Georgia), for centuries. was born roughly in 570 and dies in 632. There are many great women in Islam,and they definitely did their part in making Islam what it is today. considered to be monotheistic. You will not see this type Direct link to Milo's post They didn't persecute any, Posted a month ago. Islam provides a blueprint for most aspects of life and as such, has often been associated with rapid expansion driven by military conquest. The Siege of Jerusalem (636637) by the forces of the Rashid Caliph Umar against the Byzantines began in November 636. from a religious point of view, you can look at some of the In addition, according to historical accounts, Muslim traders came to the Indonesian islands because of the rare . Direct link to Milo's post They weren't persecuted o, Posted 3 years ago. Trading played an important role in the spread of Islam in several parts of the world, notably . The generous terms that the invading armies usually offered made their faith accessible to the conquered populations. It's definitely not the "[21], Only in subsequent centuries, with the development of the religious doctrine of Islam and with that the understanding of the Muslim ummah, would mass conversion take place. Dhimmi is referring to the [60] These are typically represented by the following schools of thought:[60], Muslim missionaries played a key role in the spread of Islam in India with some missionaries even assuming roles as merchants or traders. [63] During Delhi Sultanate's Ikhtiyar Uddin Bakhtiyar Khilji's control of the Bengal, Muslim missionaries in India achieved their greatest success, in terms of number of converts to Islam. The initial conversions were of a flexible nature. Now the other thing that we do know about these early Muslim empires, and many of the Muslim empires, is they did have this On the east coast of Africa, where Arab mariners had for many years journeyed to trade, mainly in slaves, Arabs founded permanent colonies on the offshore islands, especially on Zanzibar, in the 9th and 10th century. [citation needed], Even before Islam was established amongst Indonesian communities, Muslim sailors and traders had often visited the shores of modern Indonesia, most of these early sailors and merchants arrived from the Abbasid Caliphate's newly established ports of Basra and Debal, many of the earliest Muslim accounts of the region note the presence of animals such as orang-utans, rhinos and valuable spice trade commodities such as cloves, nutmeg, galangal and coconut. These conflicts evolved into major schisms between Sunni, Shia, and Ibadi Islam. The religion of Islam demonstrates that only through the doing of good and the seeking of God's pleasure can one find true happiness, peace, and contentment-in this life and the hereafter. Direct link to Alexia Santos's post Does anyone know what was, Posted 3 years ago. Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. The Arab Caliphate was pushed back by Charles Martel (Frankish Mayor of the Palace) at Poitiers, and Christian armies started pushing southwards over the mountains, until Charlemagne established in 801 the Spanish March (which stretched from Barcelona to present day Navarre). Direct link to Saharsh Madullapalli's post *bold*How did the Arabian, Posted 3 years ago. or Eastern Roman Empire, taking territory from them here, and then Sasanid Persia, This is less than 30 years. Direct link to hamidkastir's post Well, the four caliphs co, Posted 2 months ago. According to the British-Lebanese historian Albert Hourani, one of the reasons may be that, "Islam had become more clearly defined, and the line between Muslims and non-Muslims more sharply drawn. It was bounded mostly by "a combination of natural barriers and well-organized states". Religious scholars, called, Posted 6 years ago. Hi Evan, thanks for the question! The result, he points out, can be seen in the diversity of Muslim societies today, with varying manifestations and practices of Islam. 55 6.3 DIFFUSION OF MAJOR RELIGIONS - Washington State University In what ways did the spread of Islam help the areas of South Asia, North Africa, and Europe? There were still Muslims who could not flee from Mecca and were still oppressed because of their faith. In 969, the Patriarch of Jerusalem, John VII, was put to death for treasonous correspondence with the Byzantines. against the oppressors." Did you know?: The Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia through - UNESCO it really was convert or die. Some of the Mongolian tribes became Islamized. [45] Moreover, Muslim missionaries did not encounter difficulty in explaining Islamic tenets to Zoroastrians, as there were many similarities between the faiths. The history of Arab and Islamic rule in the Iberian peninsula is probably one of the most studied periods of European history. In Africa, Islam spread along three routes, across the Sahara via trading towns such as Timbuktu, up the Nile Valley through the Sudan up to Uganda and across the Red Sea and down East Africa through settlements such as Mombasa and Zanzibar. Direct link to i 's post Women did contribute to I, Posted 2 years ago. Image credit: Eventually, multiple small states emerged where the Abbasids once ruled exclusively. People disagreed with this event because they had different perspectives on what were the main events for Islam spreading so quickly. As the tribal links that had so dominated Umayyad politics began to break down, the meaningfulness of tying non-Arab converts to Arab tribes as clients was diluted; moreover, the number of non-Muslims who wished to join the ummah was already becoming too large for this process to work effectively. Direct link to David Alexander's post Man, that looks like a ho, Posted 4 years ago. Around the 7th and 8th centuries some states of Turkic peoples existed - like the Turkic Khazar Khaganate (see Khazar-Arab Wars) and the Turkic Turgesh Khaganate, which fought against the caliphate in order to stop Arabization and Islamization in Asia. Read more. Kazakhs, Uzbeks and some Muslim populations of the Russian Federation trace their Islamic roots to the Golden Horde[75] and while Berke Khan became the first Mongol monarch to officially adopt Islam and even to oppose his kinsman Hulagu Khan[75] in the defense of Jerusalem at the Battle of Ain Jalut (1263), only much later did the change became pivotal when the Mongols converted en masse[77] when a century later Uzbeg Khan (lived 12821341) converted - reportedly at the hands of the Sufi Saint Baba Tukles.[78]. have Muslim conquest of India included Hindus and Buddists as well, and it also included Zoroastrians, who the early Muslims Notably, an Arab hierarchy emerged, in which non-Arabs were accorded secondary status. Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent - Wikipedia Most of the significant expansion occurred during the reign of the Rashidun from 632 to 661 CE, which was the reign of the first four successors of Muhammad. Also, the interaction of Arab-Muslims with non-Arab ones contributes vastly. Direct link to A AN's post he is the ruler- leader o, Posted 3 years ago. Muhammad bin Qasim The first great expansion of Islam into India came during the Umayyad Dynasty of caliphs, who were based in Damascus. [4], Through the Muslim conquest of Persia, in the 7th century, Islam spread as far as the North Caucasus, which parts of it (notably Dagestan) were part of the Sasanid domains. about it in future videos. Two large armies had to be sent from Egypt . A depiction of Mohammed (top, veiled) and the first four Caliphs. The new understanding by the religious and political leadership in many cases led to a weakening or breakdown of the social and religious structures of parallel religious communities such as Christians and Jews. As a clarification question, is this supposed to mean that the early Muslims were conquering territory for a kingdom, like Rome, Greece, and Persia in earlier times? According to Historians Elliot and Dowson in their book The History of India as told by its own Historians, the first ship bearing Muslim travelers was seen on the Indian coast as early as 630CE. As scholars compiled histories, laws, and philosophical treatises, the main schools of legal thought emerged. Why did islam spread so quickly document answers. Why Did Islam [19] For the subjects of the empire, formerly of the Byzantine and the Sasanian Empires, not much changed in practice. Within a few centuries, however, the process was well . Non-Muslims living in a Muslim land had to pay a tax called ''Jizyah''. Whether or not Islam provided the motivation for early Muslim imperialism, it could be used to provide justification for it - in the same way that it had previously been used to support Muhammad's own actions against his opponents. In order to see this content you need to have both Javascript enabled and Flash installed. For instance, they represented Ali as the tenth avatar of Vishnu and wrote hymns as well as a mahdi purana in their effort to win converts. Direct link to JaydinA's post the world and the New cul, Posted 3 months ago. Ottoman Islamic standards of toleration allowed for autonomous "nations" (millets) in the Empire, under their own personal law and under the rule of their own religious leaders. People who would defend this That is a similar form, method They paid a special tax; they were not supposed to wear certain colors; they could not marry Muslim women;."[23]. "Fight them until there is no persecution "and until worship is As a result, we encounter multiple different interpretations of Islam across many different Islamic societies. people weren't going from being independent to being "Truly God likes not the transgressors. Now in order to get context [citation needed] By the time the colonial powers and their missionaries arrived in the 17th century the region up to New Guinea was overwhelmingly Muslim with animist minorities. Well, the four caliphs conquered many areas through honesty and teachings of the prophet. [47][48], The spread of Islam in Africa began in the 7th to 9th century, brought to North Africa initially under the Umayyad Dynasty. Image credit: While these trade interactions undoubtedly had important ramifications, they were equally influential in the cultural realm. [2] property contract rights, but different political rights. The Muslim community spread through the Middle East through conquest, and the resulting growth of the Muslim state provided the ground in which the recently revealed faith could take root and flourish. The Rise and Spread of Islam Free Essay Example [67] The Mughal decline provided opportunities for the Maratha Empire, Sikh Empire, Mysore Kingdom, Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad and Nizams of Hyderabad to exercise control over large regions of the Indian subcontinent. the Chinese, and the Hindus, and getting scholars Another development is that of transnational Islam, elaborated upon by the French Islam researchers Gilles Kepel and Olivier Roy. This really seems to be The Umayyads did not actively encourage conversion, and most subjects remained non-Muslim. This was followed by the powerful Ghurids and Timurids who further expanded the culture of Islam and the Timurid Renaissance, reaching until Bengal. Jonathan P. Berkey, The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800, 2003. [71], When Marco Polo visited the area in 1292 he noted that the urban port state of Perlak was Muslim,[71] Chinese sources record the presence of a Muslim delegation to the emperor from the Kingdom of Samudra (Pasai) in 1282,[70] other accounts provide instances of Muslim communities present in the Melayu Kingdom for the same time period while others record the presence of Muslim Chinese traders from provinces such as Fujian. Muslims now lived within an elaborated system of ritual, doctrine and law clearly different from those of non-Muslims. In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. J.; Heinrichs, W. P. Religious institutions became more defined during this period as state power waned. those who are persecuting you. Especially relative to the Old Testament, which tends to be much more absolute when someone is disliked by God, whole cities or peoples your own primary resources. This is not surprising, as the armies of those days were not like modern armies - but more like a federation of tribal mercenary groups who were not paid and whose only material reward came from the spoils of war. The spread of Islam through merchants, missionaries, and pilgrims was very different in nature. Christianity spread, amid intense persecution, for nearly 300 years throughout parts of Europe, northern Africa, and the Middle East. Like their Byzantine and late Sasanian predecessors, the Marwanid caliphs nominally ruled the various religious communities but allowed the communities' own appointed or elected officials to administer most internal affairs. In Bengal, Arab merchants helped found the Port of Chittagong. The Muslim ruling class definitely had better political rights. As Jerusalem grew in importance to Muslims and pilgrimages increased, tolerance for other religions declined. By sharing a common religion and a common transliteralization (Arabic), traders showed greater willingness to trust, and therefore invest, in one another. The conventional historical view is that the conquest of North Africa by the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate between CE647709 effectively ended Catholicism in Africa for several centuries. As a result, the Muslim population in Europe has steadily risen. You have to remember, In addition to conversion to Islam, the Muslim population also grew from a higher birth rate than non-Muslims as a result of the rights of Muslim men to marry four women, have numerous concubines and raise their children as Muslims.[28]. Direct link to David Alexander's post You may have this backwar, Posted 4 years ago. The number of Muslims in Africa grew from 34.5 million in 1900 to 315 million in 2000, going from roughly 20% to 40% of the total population of Africa. They weren't persecuted or anything like that, but they weren't treated exactly like the Islamic people. "And there is to be no aggression "except against the oppressors." Religions that survived because of historical military conquests These clans came to serve as catalysts, forwarding the faith to large parts of the Horn region.[46]. "[21] In contrast, for tribal, nomadic, monotheistic societies, "Islam was substituted for a Byzantine or Sassanian political identity and for a Christian, Jewish or Zoroastrian religious affiliation. In 1206, Bakhtiyar Khalji led the Muslim conquest of Bengal, marking the easternmost expansion of Islam at the time. those who persecute you, but it actually seems to be a During the seventh century, after subduing rebellions in the Arabian peninsula, Arab Muslim armies began to swiftly conquer territory in the neighboring Byzantine and Sasanian empires and beyond. Trade and the Spread of Islam in Africa | Essay | The Metropolitan Direct link to i 's post After the death of Muhamm, Posted 5 years ago. A painting depicting a battle. A painting depicting five men, one of whom has his face covered. Direct link to David Alexander's post The fight was mainly over, Posted 6 months ago. Modern Islam is divided into many sects. By the 10th century, the Kilwa Sultanate was founded by Ali ibn al-Hassan Shirazi (was one of seven sons of a ruler of Shiraz, Persia, his mother an Abyssinian slave girl. We could continue this narrative, and we will continue to talk Women did contribute to Islam - in fact the first person to convert was the Prophet Muhammad's (PBUH)own wife. [73] A centuries later example that can be counted amongst the earliest introductions of Islam into Eastern Europe came about through the work of an early 11th-century Muslim prisoner whom the Byzantines captured during one of their wars against Muslims. Keep in mind, this is spreading, overtaking, conquering, Muslims did not pay this tax as they already pay 2.5% of their wealth to charity every year as part of one of the pillars their faith. Sufi missionaries navigated these difficulties adeptly, making Islam appealing by assimilating it into existing religious traditions. Considerable controversy exists as to how conversion to Islam came about in the Indian subcontinent. Why could the translation shape how one understands the dictums communicated in a sacred text? Distinct, feuding Arab tribes united into a cohesive political force, partially through the promise of military conquest. What 2 religions were allowed to be practiced in their land? We would like to show you a description here but the site won't allow us. [25] Throughout the period, as well as in the following centuries, divisions occurred between Persians and Arabs, and Sunnis and Shias, and unrest in provinces empowered local rulers at times.[23]. Trade contributed to the spread of Islamic culture and led to a growing feeling of internationalism. Elements of Islamic Belief. Muhammad died in Medina (after his pilgrimage in Mecca on March, 632) by a brief illness on June 8, 632. He isn't supposed to be worshipped in any way, so covering Muhammad's features really prevents action of putting any kind of physical image behind him. Learn about the Arab Muslim conquests and the establishment of the caliphate. he's having these revelations and he's starting to be the leader of this nascent Muslim community. Yet the Marwanids also depended heavily on the help of non-Arab administrative personnel and on administrative practices (e.g., a set of government bureaus). Direct link to Ricshawna Williams's post who did the first four ca, Posted 4 years ago. considered to be disbelievers. of this Muslim community at the time of Mohammed's death. To begin to understand the rich history of Islam, lets start with the historical context and events that led to Islams spread. The defeat of the Ottomans in 1699 by the Austrians resulted in their loss of Hungary and present-day Croatia. In the 20th century, Islam grew in Africa both by birth and by conversion. The famous medieval epic poem 'Cantar de Mio Cid' narrates the life and deeds of this hero during the Reconquista. )[21], Along with the religion of Islam, the Arabic language, Arabic numerals and Arab customs spread throughout the empire. Spread of Islam - Wikipedia like the Spanish Inquisition, or some aspects of the Crusades, or some of what we saw in the New World with the conquistadors, where They would pay a different tax than what the Muslims actually paid. The Spread of Islam and its Relationship to Medieval Europe The fight was mainly over power. The Islamic conquests, which culminated in the Arab empire being established across three continents ( Asia, Africa, and Europe ), enriched the Muslim world, achieving the economic preconditions for the emergence of this institution owing to the emphasis attached to Islamic teachings. IV.[58]. "Unto you your religion [79] The Naqshbandis are the most prominent of these orders, especially in Kashgaria, where the western Chagatai Khan was also a disciple of the order.[79].